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Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0705, entry 9
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VIKA, u, f., gen. pl. vikna, pl. vikur: [this can hardly be a genuine Teutonic word, but rather is adopted from Lat. vice, otherwise the k could not have remained unchanged; thus Lat. vicus is Icel. vé, Goth. weihs: Ulf. only uses the word in a single instance, viz. to translate GREEK by in wikon kunjis seinis in Luke i. 8, where the Latin text 'in vice sua' perhaps suggested the word to the translator; A.S. and Hel. wica; Engl. week; O.H.G. wecha; Germ. woche; Dan. uge; Swed. wecha; in Norse dialects vika, veka, vuku, uku, and in compds -oke, Jóns-oke, Ivar Aasen.] B. USAGES. -- A week, passim: used in a peculiar manner, as marking the remaining weeks of the summer; líðr á sumarit til átta vikna, viz. till eight weeks remained before winter, Nj. 93; var Rútr heima til sex vikna, 10; vá Böðvarr Kolbein Drottins-daginn at fjórum vikum, Ann. 1376. The ancient Scandinavians and Teutons in heathen times seem to have counted the year by pentads, called fimt, as has already been remarked s.v. fimt (p. 153), to which may be added the authority of the late Prof. Schlegel of Copenhagen in a notice of 1825, mentioned in Lex. Mythol. p. 753. The time when the Scandinavians changed their system is quite unknown; it would seem that in Icel. 'weeks' were already in use in the middle of the 10th century, could we but trust the record in Íb. ch. 4 as authentic in its details. II. spec. usages in the calendar; Helga vika, the Holy-week (i.e. after Whitsun), Thom. 22, Dipl. iii. 10, D.I. i. 594; Efsta-vika, the last week of Lent, i.e. Passion-week, Orkn. 386, D.I. i. 594; Páska-vika, Easter-week; Sælu-vika, Ember-week, passim, see Icel. Almanack; as also Auka-vika or Lagningar-vika, the additional week, intercalary week, = sumar-auki, see p. 604; fyrsta Sumar-vika, síðasta vika sumars, síðasta vika vetrar. COMPDS: viku-dagr, m. a week-day, Hom. (St.) viku-frestr, n. a week's notice, Grág. ii. 405, Fms. v. 50. viku-för, f. a week's journey, of distance, Symb. 15. viku-gamall, adj. a week old. viku-lagning, f. the addition of a week, of the sumarauki, Rb. 564. viku-munr, m. a week's difference, Grett. 150. viku-stafr, m. a week-letter, an almanack term, Rb. 510. viku-stef, n. a week's term, week's notice, Eg. 274. 394, Grág. ii. 349. viku-stefna, u, f. a week's summons. Eg. 274, 294, v.l. viku-þing, n. a meeting that lasts a week, Grág. i. 99. vikna-mót, n. a 'week's meet,' the ending of one week and beginning of another, Rb. 94. vikna-tal, n. a tale or number of weeks, Rb. 38, 48, 568.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0705, entry 10
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VIKA, u, f. [a word quite different from the preceding, akin to vik and vík, the root word being víkja, q.v.] :-- a sea mile, knot, answering to a mod. geographical mile, and equal to a 'röst' on land (see röst, p. 508): the term seems to have been derived from vík, a small bay, denoting the distance from ness to ness, and so referring to a time when ships coasted along-shore; the word is still in almost exclusive use in Icel. The following instances may suffice :-- the distance from Reykjanes to Flatey in western Icel. is counted as three viknr (frá Reykjanesi til Flateyjar, þat eru þrjár vikur sjófar, Bs. i. 461); from Drangey in the north to the nearest point on the mainland as one vika (frá Revkjum er skemst til eyjarinnar ok er þat vika sjóvar ... þat var vika sjáfar sem skemst var til lands ór eyjunni, Grett. 144, 148); eyjar þær sem Ólafs-eyjar heita, þær liggja út á firðinum hálfa aðra viku undan Reykjanesi, 125; heyrði yfir til Skarfstaða hálfa viku sjóvar (viz. from Ljárskógar), 129; for the respective distances see the map of Icel.: so in Norway, vatnið var hálfrar viku breitt, Fms. viii. 32; sigla þeir fyrir þat torleiði sex vikur sævar, Fb. i. 186: in the Faroes, þangat var skemst ok var þat þó löng vika sjóvar, Fær. 173 (viz. from the Great Dimon to Suðrey): in Greenland, hann lagðisk eptir geldingi gömlum út í Hvalsey, ok flutti á baki sér, þá er hann vildi fagna Eireki frænda sínum, en ekki var sæfært skip heima, þat er löng hálf vika, Landn. 107: great distances at the open sea are counted by 'tylpt,' 'dozens, sc. of knots,' leaving out the word 'vika,' þá mun siglt vera tylpt fyrir sunnan Ísland, Landn. 25: a writer of the 14th century calculates the voyage round Iceland direct from headland to headland at 'fourteen dozens,' -- fjórtan tylptir umbergis at sigla réttleiðis fyrir hvert nes, Bs. ii. 5.

Source: Torp, page b0407, entry 5
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vikô(n) f. (Wechsel) Woche. g. vikô f. Zeitwechsel, Woche; an. vika Woche, auch: Seemeile (eig. Wechsel der Ruderer); and. wika (in crûce-wika Kreuzwoche, mnd. auch weke sês Seemeile), afries. wike, ags. wice, wucu (engl. week); ahd. wecha, wehha, mhd. woche, wuche, nhd. Woche. Die Bedeutung »Wechsel« erklärt sich leicht aus »weichen«. Vgl. lat. vicis, zur ig. Wz. vik.

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•vîk (PGmc) is the parent entry of vikôn in Torp's hierarchy.

Source: Wright's Gothic Grammar, page b0356, entry 46
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wik, wf. week. O.Icel. vika, OE. wice, wuce, OHG. wehha.

Source: Bosworth/Toller, page b1215, entry 6
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wicu, wucu, an ; f. A week :-- Wucu ebdomada, Ælfc. Gr. 5 ; Zup. 14, 17 : Wrt. Voc. i. 76, 56 : ebdomada vel septimana, 53, 19. On ðam seofoðan dæge God geendode his weorc and seó wucu wæs ðá ágán, Lchdm. iii. 234, 16 : Anglia viii. 310, 23. Seó wucu on Grécisc hátte ebdomada and on Lýden septimana; seofon daga ryne ys seó wucu, and feówer wucan wyrcaþ ánne mónð, 319, 3. Án wucu ðæs fæstenes una quadrigesimae seplimana, Bd. 5, 3 ; S. 615, 3. Ðeós wucu is geteald tó ánum dæge, Homl. Th. ii. 292, 27. Ymb fyrst wucan bútan ánre niht, Menol. Fox 172; Men. 87. Hé lcere wucan dæg mid nihte ætgædere áfæste in omni septimana diem cum nocte jejunus transiret, Bd. 3, 27; S. 559, 12. On ðære seofoðan wiecan (wucan, v.l.) ofer Eástron, Chr. 878 ; Erl. 80, 8. Tuwa on ucan (wucan, v.l.: wico, Lind.: wica, Rush.) bis in sabbalo, Lk. Skt. 18, 12. Ða fullan wican (wucan, v.l.) ir UNCERTAIN Marian mæssan, L. Alf. pol. 43; Th. i. 92, 7. Ymb wucan after a week, Cd. Th. 88, 14; Gen. 1465 : 167, 31 ; Gen. 2769. On ðam geáre synd getealde twá and fíftig wucena, Lchdm. iii. 246, 12. Hié fela wucena ston on twá healfe ðære é, Chr. 894; Erl. 92, 25. vi. wicum (wucan, v.l.) r hé forþférde, 887; Erl. 84, 35. Wucum, 901; Erl. 98, 6: Bd. 5, 4 ; S. 617, 7. Ðæs ymb .iii. wiecan (wucan, v.l.), Chr. 878; Erl. 80, 19. Wucan, 941; Erl. 116, 5: Menol. Fox 30; Men. 15. [Goth. wikó: O. L. Ger. wika: O. Frs. wike: O. H. Ger. wehha, wohha : Icel. vika.] v. Eásier-, fæsten-, gang-, lencten-, palm-, ymbren-wicu (-wuce).

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0002, entry 1
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C. OTHER CHANGES :-- in modern Icel. the old syllable va has changed into vo; vó of the 14th century being an intermediate form: thus von, spes; votr, madidus; vor, ver; vorr, noster; voði, periculum; koma, adventus; voru, erant, etc.: so also the á in the dat. hánum, illi, now honum, which is also employed in the editions of old writings; kómu = kvámu = kvómu, veniebant, etc. In Norway a was often changed into æ in the pronominal and adverbial forms; as hæna, illam; þær, þænn, þæt, ibi, ilium, illud; hence originate the mod. Dan. hende, der, den, det; in some Norse dialects even still dar, dat. The short a in endings in mod. Dan. changed into e (æ), e. g. komme, uge, talede, Icel. koma, vika; whereas the Swedes still preserve the simple a, which makes their language more euphonious than the mod. Dan. In most districts of Icel. an a before ng, nk, has changed into á, thus langr (longus), strangr (durus), krankr (aegrotus) are spelt lángr, kránkr, etc. In the west of Iceland however we still say langr, strangr, etc., which is the pure old form. The a becomes long when followed by lf, lm, lp, thus álfr, genius; álpt, cygnus; hálfr, dimidius; kálfr, vitulus; sjálfr, ipse; this is very old: the fem. hlf, dimidia, which occurs in the 12th century, points to an á, not a; já = ja in hjálpa, skjálfa, etc. The lengthening before lm is later, -- álmr, ulmus; hálmr, calamus; sálmr, psalmus; hjálmr, ga- lea; málmr, metallum, etc. In all these cases the á is not etymological. Also before ln in the plur. of alin, álnar not alnar: lk, alka = alka, alca; bálkr = balkr; fálki = falki, falco: háls = hals; frjáls = frjals; járn = jarn; skáld = skald; v. those words: aarni, dat. of arinn, v. that word: the proper name Árni, properly Arni: abbati, abbas, ábóti: Adám, on the contrary, changed into Adam; Máría into Maria, Mary. The old spell- ing is still kept in máriatla, motacilla pectore albo, etc. In the 1st pers. pret. indic., and in the pres. and pret. conj. we have a changed into i, e. g. talaða to talaði, locutus sum; sagða, dixi, vilda, volui, hafða, habui, to sagði, vildi, hafði: in the 1st pers. pres. and pret. conj., hefða, haberem, hafa, habeam, to hefði, hafi. These forms occur as early as the begin- ning of the 13th century (e. g. in the Hulda, Cd. A. M. 66, fol. = Fms. vi. and vii). In the south of Iceland however (Reykjavik, the Árnes and Gullbringusýsla) the old forms are still frequently heard in bisyllabic preterites, esp. ek vilda, sagða, hafða, and are also employed in writing by natives of those districts. D. a answers to Goth, a; A. S. ea (a, ä); allr, totus; Goth, alls; A. S. eall: the primitive á to Goth, ê, sátu, Goth, sêtun, sedebant; gráta, grétun, lacrymari; láta, lêtan; vápn, vêpn, arma; vagr, vêgs, fluctus. The Icel. secondary á, on the contrary, must in the kindred Teutonic idioms be sought for under a vowel plus a consonant, such as an, ah, or the like. A. S. æ commonly answers to Icel. á, láta, A. S. lætan; dáð, A. S. dæð; þráðr, A. S. þræð, Engl. thread; mál (GREEK), A. S. mœl, cp. Engl. meal. The A. S. (1, on the contrary, etyrnologically answers to Icel. ei. The diphthong au answers to Goth. au, A. S. eá, -- rauðr, Goth. rauds, A. S. reað, Engl. red. In English the a seems at very early times to have assumed its present ambiguous sound; this we may infer from A. S. words introduced into Icelandic. The river Thames in Icel. is spelt, as it is still pronounced in England, as Tems, which form occurs in a poem of the year 1016. E. The Runic character for a was in the Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Runes (so termed by P. A. Munch) RUNE [A. S. RUNE]; so in the Golden horn, on the stone in Thune in Norway (Ed. by P. A. Munch, 1857), and in the Bracteats. The Saxons called it os = áss, deus. In the Runes it was the fourth letter in the first group (fuþork). The Scandi- navians in their Runes used this character for o, and called it óss, ostium, probably misled by the A. S. pronunciation of the homely word áss. This character, however, occurs only a few times in the common Runes, which in its stead used the A. S. Rune RUNE, gér, annona, which is the fourth Rune in the second group (hnias, A. S. hnijs), called according to the northern pronunciation ár, annona: this letter, RUNE or RUNE has the form, as well as the name and place, of the A. S. RUNE, RUNE.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0041, entry 131
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ÁR, n. [Goth. jêr; A. S. gear; Engl. year; Germ. jabr; the Scandin. idioms all drop the j, as in ungr, young; cp. also the Gr. GREEK; Lat. hora; Ulf. renders not only GREEK but also sometimes GREEK and GREEK by jêr]. I. a year, = Lat. annus, divided into twelve lunar months, each of 30 days, with four intercalary days, thus making 364 days; as the year was reckoned about the middle of the 10th century (the original calculation probably only reckoned 360 days, and made up the difference by irregular intercalary months). About the year 960 Thorstein Surt introduced the sumarauki (intercalary week), to be inserted every seventh year, thus bringing the year up to 365 days. After the introduction of Christianity (A. D. 1000) the sumarauki was made to harmonize with the Julian calendar; but from A. D. 1700 with the Gregorian calendar; v. the words sumarauki, hlaupár, mánuðr, vika, etc., Íb. ch. 4, Rb. 6, Fms. i. 67; telja árum, to count the time by years, Vsp. 6; í ári, used adverb., at present, as yet, Ó. H. 41, 42 (in a verse). II. = Lat. annona, plenty, abundance, fruitfulness; the phrase, friðr ok ár, Fms. vii. 174, Hkr. Yngl. ch. 8-12; ár ok fésæla, Hkr. l. c.; þá var ár urn öll lönd, id.; létu hlaða skip mörg af korni ok annarri gæzku, ok flytja svá ár í Dan- mörku, Fms. xi. 8, Sks. 323, Fas. i. 526, Hom. 68; gott ár, Eg. 39; blota til árs, Fms. i. 34. III. the name of the Rune RUNE (a), Skálda 176; in the A. S. and Goth. Runes the j has the name jêr, gêr, according to the Germ. and Engl. pronunciation of this word; vide p. 2, col. 1. COMPDS: ára-tal, n. and ára-tala, u, f. number of years; fimtugr at áratali, Stj. 110, Rb. 484, Mar. 656 A. i. 29; hann (Ari Frodi) hafði áratal fyrst til þess er Kristni kom á Ísland, en síðan allt til sinna daga, Hkr. (pref.), seems to mean that Ari in respect of chronology divided his Íslendingabók into two periods, that before and that after the introduction of Christianity; Stj. 112 (periode). árs-bót, f. = árbót, Bs. i. 343, q. v.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0095, entry 1
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Óðinsdag, eðr Þórsdag, ok svá um alla vikudaga, etc., Bs. i. 237, cp. 165. Thus bishop John (died A.D. 1121) caused them to name the days as the church does (Feria sccunda, etc.); viz. Þriði-d. or Þriðju-d., Third-day = Tuesday, Rb. 44, K.Þ.K. 100, Ísl. ii. 345; Fimti-d., Fifth-day -- Thursday, Rb. 42, Grág. i. 146, 464, 372, ii. 248, Nj. 274; Föstu-d., Fast-day = Friday; Miðviku-d., Midweek-day = Wednesday, was borrowed from the Germ. Mittwoch; throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, however, the old and new names were used indiscriminately. The question arises whether even the old names were not imported from abroad (England); certainly the Icel. of heathen times did not reckon by weeks; even the word week (vika) is probably of eccl. Latin origin (vices, recurrences). It is curious that the Scandinavian form of Friday, old Icel. Frjádagr, mod. Swed.-Dan. Fredag, is A.S. in form; 'Frjá-,' 'Fre-,' can hardly be explained but from A.S. Freâ-, and would be an irregular transition from the Norse form Frey. The transition of ja into mod. Swed.-Dan. e is quite regular, whereas Icel. ey (in Frey) would require the mod. Swed.-Dan. ö or u sound. Names of weekdays are only mentioned in Icel. poems of the 11th century (Arnór, Sighvat); but at the time of bishop John the reckoning by weeks was probably not fully established, and the names of the days were still new to the people. 5. the day is in Icel. divided according to the posi- tion of the sun above the horizon; these fixed traditional marks are called dags-mörk, day-marks, and are substitutes for the hours of modern times, viz. ris-mál or miðr-morgun, dag-mál, há-degi, mið-degi or mið-mundi, nón, miðr-aptan, nátt-mál, vide these words. The middle point of two day-marks is called jafn-nærri-báðum, in modern pronunciation jöfnu-báðu, equally-near-both, the day-marks following in the genitive; thus in Icel. a man asks, hvað er fram orðið, what is the time? and the reply is, jöfnubáðu miðsmorguns og dagmála, half-way between mid-morn- ing and day-meal, or stund til (to) dagmála; hallandi dagmál, or stund af (past) dagmálum; jöfnu-báðu hádegis og dagmúla, about ten or half- past ten o'clock, etc. Those day-marks are traditional in every farm, and many of them no doubt date from the earliest settling of the country. Respecting the division of the day, vide Pál Vídal. s.v. Allr dagr til stefnu, Finnus Johann., Horologium Island., Eyktamörk Íslenzk (published at the end of the Rb.), and a recent essay of Finn Magnusson. II. denoting a term, but only in compounds, dagi, a, m., where the weak form is used, cp. ein-dagi, mál-dagi, bar-dagi, skil- dagi. III. jis a pr. name, Dagr, (freq.); in this sense the dat. is Dag, not Degi, cp. Óðinn léði Dag (dat.) geirs síns, Sæm. 114. COMPDS: daga-tal, n. a tale of days, Rb. 48. dags-brun, v. above. dags- helgi, f. hallowedness of the day, Sturl. i. 29. dags-ljós, n. daylight, Eb. 266. dags-mark, v. above. dags-megin, n., at dags magni, in full day, 623. 30. dags-munr, m. a day's difference; svá at d. sér á, i.e. day by day, Stj.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0116, entry 13
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EFRI, compar.; EFSTR, superl.; older form öfri, Hkv. 2. 36, Ó. H. ch. 248 (in a verse), Greg. 42, N. G. L. i. 10, 384, Íb. 5, Hom. 116; öfstr, Fms. x. 394, 686 C. 2, Ls. 50, 51, Hbl. 18, Edda 115, 116 (Gl.); compar. and superl. without the positive [as Lat. superior, supremus. Gr. GREEK, but formed from the root syllable 'of-,' cp. ofar, yfir; very old MSS. therefore mostly spell with ö, a vowel change of o; the mod. form, as well as that of most MSS., is with e, efri, efstr, Am. 50, Og. 23: I. the upper, higher; the phrase, bera efra skjöld, to carry the higher shield, i.e. carry the day, Fms. x. 394 (MS. æfra): opp. to neðri = upper, at Mosfelli enu öfra, Íb. 5: the adverb, phrase 'it efra' denoting the upper or inland road, opp. to the shore; allt hit efra suðr, Eg. 58; sumir fóru it efra til Þríhyrnings-hálsa, Nj. 207; hit efra um Upplönd, Fms. i. 22: by land, opp. to the sea, Hkr. ii. 8: of the inner part of a building, opp. to fremri or the part nearest the door, Eg. 43: in the air, opp. to the earth, Sks. 115: superl. efstr, the hindermost, e. liðr, the hindermost joint, 623. 32: neut. efst as adv. highest up, uppermost, efst á stólpanum, 655 xxv. 2. . metaph. superior, better; er öllum öfri er, Greg. 43. II. the latter, last part: 1. temp., á efra aldri, in the decline of life, Eg. 4; inn öfri, the latter, opp. to fyrri, N. G. L. i. 342; efri hluti sumars, in the decline of summer, Eg. 712; Ólafs-messa hin öfri ( = síðari), the latter (i.e. second) day of St. Olave (viz. Aug. 3), opp. to Ólafs-messa fyrri (July 29), N. G. L. i. 10; efsti dómr, the last judgment, Stj. 58; öfsti dómr, id., 686 l.c.; efsta vika, the last week of Lent = the Passion week, Orkn. 386, Mar. 78; öfsti dagr Paska, the last day in Easter, N. G. L. i. 348; efsta bæn, the last prayer, 623. 50; þeim gef ek erni efstum bráðir, Fas. i. 429 (in a verse); efsta sinni, for the last time, 227; þó vér ritim hana öfri en aðrar, Hom. 116. 2. loc., where aptari and aptastr or eptri and eptstr are the common words; fyrstr and efstr are opposed, foremost and last, in a rank, Ls. l.c.; sá fyrstr er efstr gekk inn, Grág. i. 32.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0248, entry 17
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HEILAGR, adj., usually contracted before a vowel, whereby the root vowel becomes short, thus helgan, helgir, helgum, helgar, and the definite helgi, helga; but also uncontractcd, esp. in mod. usage, heilagir, heilagan, heilögum, definite heilagi; [Ulf. seems not to have known the word, and renders ayios etc. by veihs; so also in Dan. and Swed. local names, holy places and temples are marked by a prefixed or suffixed vi-, e. g. Vi-borg, Odens-e ( -- Öðins-vé): heilagr is derived in a metaph. sense from heill, whole, and is consequently not so old as the primitive ve, veihs; soA. S. hâlag; Engl. holy; Hel. belag; Germ, heilig; Dan. hellig; Swed. helig] : I. holy in heathen usage, helgar kindir, holy beings, Vsp. I; liar baðmr heilagr, 19, v. 1.; heilög goð, holy gods; ginnheilög goð, Vsp.; heilakt land, Gm. 4; heilög (grind) fyrir helgum dyrum, 22; heilög vötn, 29, Hkv. 2. i; heilög fjöll (hélugV), Fm. 26; helgu fulli, the holy toast of Odin, i. e. son^, poetry, Edda (in a verse); af helgu skutli, from the holy table, Haustl. 4; þat vatn er svá heilakt, at..., Edda II; brunnr mjök heilagr, 10: in local names, þat fjall kallaði hann Helga-fell, Holy-fell, Eb. 10; at þeir görði loud sin helgari en aðrar jarðir, 20; ok kallar þá jörð nú eigi helgari en aðra, 24 :-- heilagir fiskar (mod. heilag-fiski), a halibut, Dan. helle-jlynder, Bs. i. 365. 2. as a law term (and this is no doubt the original sense of the word), inviolable, onewhose person is sacred, who cannot be slain with impunity, esp. within certain boundaries; hann (fjorbaugs- maðr, q. v.) skal heilagr vera at þeirn heimilum ok í öiskots-helgi við á alla vega, etc., Grág. i. 89; hann er heilagr á þeirri götu ok í örskots-helgi við þá götu, 132; hann verðr eigi heilagr ef eigi var sagt til heiniilis hans at féráns-dómi, ok eigi verðr hann heilagr ef eigi gelzk fé þat er þar skyldi gjaldask, 133; hann er jamheilagr a götu er hann ferr til skips, 90, vide b. f). ch. 33 sqq.; falla óheilagr, to fall un- holy, to be slain as an outlaw for whom no weregild was to be paid, Grág. and Sagas passim, cp. the interesting passages in Landn. 5. ch. 4, Sturl. i. ch. 14; frið-heilagr, 'peace-holy, ' protected, a term for birds and animals protected by law; úheilagr, outlawed, exlex: closely akin are the above phrases, in which heilagr is used as an epithet of places, h. land, fjöll, etc. II. eccl. holy, Lat. sanctus, Bs. passim, N. T., hymns, sermons, etc.; Heilagr Audi, the Holy Ghost; helgir dagar, holy days; lialda lieilagt, vide halda; helgir domar, holy relics; but helgi- doinr, halidotn, sanctuarium; heilog orð, holy words; helgir siðir, holy rites; helgar bækr, holy books; helgar tíðir, h or ae canonicae; helgir menu, saints of the Roman church; Heilagir ="A7ioi, i. e. Christians, N. T. 2. of special feasts, Helga Vika, the Holy Week, the week after Whitsuntide, Dipl. iii. to; Nóttin Helga, the Holy Night, cp. Germ. Weihnachten; Helgi bórs-dagr, Holy Thursday, Fms. ix.

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