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Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0082, entry 24
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

brugginn, part, brewed, an GREEK Vtkv. 7 (b. mjöðr): the sole relic of a strong verb answering to the A. S. breovan, bráv, and the old Germ. strong verb.


Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0084, entry 73
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

buga, að, to bow; in fishing for trout with nets people in Icel. say, buga fyrir, to draw the net round; but mostly used metaph. and in compds, vfir-buga, to bow down, subdue; 3rd pers. pret. reflex. bugusk, from an obsolete strong verb bjúga, baug, occurs in Eyvind, bugusk álmar, bows were bent, Fms. i. 49.


Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0084, entry 110
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

BÚA, pret. sing. bjó, 2nd pers. bjótt, mod. bjóst; plur. bjoggu, bjöggu, and mod. bjuggu, or even buggu; sup. búit, búið, and (rarely) contr. búð; part. búinn; pret. subj. bjöggi, mod. byggi or bjyggi; pres. sing, indic. bý; pl. búm, mod. búum: reflex. forms býsk or býst, bjósk or bjóst, bjöggusk, búisk, etc.: poët, forms with suffixed negative bjó-at, Skv. 3. 39: an obsolete pret. bjoggi = bjó, Fms. ix. 440 (in a verse); bjöggisk = bjósk, Hom. 118. [Búa is originally a reduplicated and contracted verb answering to Goth. búan, of which the pret. may have been baibau: by bûan Ulf. renders Gr. GREEK, GREEK; Hel. bûan = habitare; Germ. bauen; Swed. and Dan. bo. The Icel. distinguishes between the strong neut. and originally redupl. verb búa, and the transit. and weak byggja, q.v.: búa seems to be kindred to Gr. GREEK, GREEK (cp. Sansk. bhû, bhavâmi, Lat. fui); byggja to Lat. fcio, cp. Swed. -Dan. bygga, Scot, and North. E. to 'big,' i.e. to build; cp. Lat. aedificare, nidificare: again, the coincidence in sense with the Gr. GREEK, GREEK, Lat. vicus, is no less striking, cp. the references s.v. above. Búa, as a root word, is one of the most interesting words in the Scandin. tongues; bú, bær, bygg, bygð, byggja, etc., all belong to this family: it survives in the North. E. word to 'big,' in the Germ, bauen (to till), and possibly (v. above) in the auxiliary verb 'to be.']


Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0087, entry 2
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

B. ACTIVE, to make ready: the sense and form here reminds one of the Gr. GREEK: [this sense is much used in Old Engl., esp. the part. bone, boon, or boun, ready, ('boun to go,' Chaucer, etc.); in later Engl. 'boun' was corrupted into 'bound,' in such naut. phrases as bound for a port, etc.: from this part, the ballad writers formed a fresh verb, to boun, 'busk ye, boun ye;' 'busk' is a remnant of the old reflex, búask, see Dasent, Burnt Njal, pref. xvi. note, and cp. below III.] I. to make ready, 'boun,' for a journey; b. ferð, för sína; and as a naut. term, b. skip, to make ready for sea; bjoggu þeir ferð sína, Fms. ix. 453; en er þeir vóru búnir, Nj. 122; ok vóru þá mjök brott búnir, they were 'boun' for sea, Fms. vii. 101; bjó hann skip sitt, Nj. 128; en skip er brotið, svá at eigi er í för búanda á því sumri, i.e. ship unfit to go to sea, Grág. i. 92; b. sik til göngu, to be 'boun' for a walk, Ld. 46; b. sik at keyra, to make one ready for ..., Nj. 91. . as a law term, b. sök, mál, or adding til, b. til sök, mál á hendr e-m, to take out a summons against one, begin a lawsuit; b. mál í dóm, of the preliminaries to a lawsuit, hence málatilbúningr, in numberless cases in the Grágás and Sagas. . generally to prepare, make; b. smyrsl, to make ointments, Rb. 82. 2. = Old Engl. to boun, i.e. to dress, equip; b. sik, to dress; svá búinn, so dressed, Fms. xi. 272; hence búningr, dress (freq.); vel búinn, well-dressed, Nj. 3, Ísl. ii. 434; spari-búinn, in holiday dress; illa búinn, ill-dressed; síðan bjó hon hana sem hon kunni, she dressed her as well as she could, Finnb. 258; b. beð, rekkjur, to make a bed, Eg. 236; b. upp hvílur, id., Nj. 168; b. öndvegi, hús, to make a high seat, dress a house for a feast, 175, (hús-búnaðr, hús-búningr, tapestry); búa borð, to dress the table, (borð búnaðr, table-service); b. stofu, Fms. iv. 75. . búa til veizlu, to make 'boun' (prepare) for a feast, Eg. 38, Fms. vii. 307; b. til seyðis, to make the fire 'boun' for cooking, Nj. 199; b. til vetrsetu, to make 'boun' for a winter abode, Fms. x. 42; til-búa, and fyrir-b., to prepare; eg fer héðan til-b. yðr stað, John xiv. 3; eignizt það ríki sem yðr var til-búið frá upphafi veraldar, Matth. xxv. 34. . b. um e-t, in mod. use with the notion of packing up, to make into a bundle, of parcels, letters, etc.; hence um-búningr and um-búðir, a packing, packing-cover; b. um rúm, hvílu, to make a bed; búa um e-n, to make one's bed; var búið um þá Þórodd í seti, ok lögðusk þeir til svefns, Th.'s bed was made on the benches, and they went to sleep, Ó. H. 153; skaltú sjá hvar vit leggumk niðr, ok hversu ek um okkr (of the dying Njal), Nj. 701; er mér sagt at hann hafi illa um búit, of a dead body, 51; þeir höfðu (svá) um sik búit (they had covered themselves so) at þá mátti eigi sjá, 261; kváðu Guðrúnu eiga at búa um rauða skör Bolla, said that G. would have to comb B.'s (her husband's) bloody head, Ld. 244; búa svá um at aldri mátti vökna, pack it up so that it cannot get wet, Fms. vii. 225; Þórólfr lét setja upp skip ok um búa, he had the ship laid up and fenced it round (for the winter), Eg. 199; b. um andvirki, to fence and thatch bay-ricks, Grág. ii. 335: metaph. to manage, preserve a thing, Fms. ix. 52; aumlega búinn, in a piteous state, Hom. 115. 3. to ornament, esp. with metals or artificial work of any kind, of clothes laced with gold; kyrtill hlaðbúinn, Ísl. ii. 434, Nj. 48, Vm. 129: of gloves, B. K. 84: of a belt with stones or artificial work, Fms. xi. 271: of a drinking-horn, D. N. (Fr.); but esp. of a weapon, sword, or the like, enamelled with gold or silver (gull-búinn, silfr-búinn); búin gulli ok silfri, Fms. i. 15; búinn knífr, xi. 271; vápn búit mjök, much ornamented, ii. 255, iv. 77, 130, Eb. 226, 228. . part., búinn at e-u, or vel búinn, metaph. endowed with, well endowed; at flestum í þróttum vel búinn, Nj. 61, Fms. x. 295; at auð vel búinn, wealthy, 410; vel búinn at hreysti ok allri atgörvi, Eg. 82; bezt at viti búinn, Fms. xi. 51. II. particular use of the part. pass, 'boun,' ready, willing; margir munu búnir at kaupa, ready, willing to buy, Fms. vi. 218; hann kvaðsk þess fyrir löngu búinn, Ld. 66, Fms. iii. 123; nefna vátta at þeir eru búnir (ready) at leysa kvið þann af hendi, Grág. i. 54; vóru allir til þess búnir, Fms. xi. 360: compar., engir menn sýna sik búnari (more willing) til liðveizlu, Sturl. i. 103: the allit. phrase, vera boðinn og búinn til e-s, vide bjóða VI: denoting fitted, adapted, ek em gamall, ok lítt b. at (little fit to) hefna sona minna, Nj. 200; þótt ek verr til b. en hann fyrir vanheilsu sakir, Fms. vii. 275; eiga við búið (mod. vera við búinn), to keep oneself ready, to be on one's guard, Bs. i. 537. 2. on the point of doing, about to do so and so; hann var búinn til falls, he was just about to tumble, Fms. x. 314; en áðr þeir kómu var búið til hins mesta váða, ix. 444, v.l. . neut. búið is used almost adverbially, on the point of, just about to; ok búið við skipbroti, Ísl. ii. 245; búið við váða miklum, Fms. ix. 310; sagði at þá var búit við geig mikinn með þeim feðgum, Eg. 158: this is rare and obsolete in mod. usage; and the Icel. now say, liggja við mér við detta, where an old writer would have said, ek var búinn at detta; the sense would else be ambiguous, as búinn, vera búinn, in mod. usage means to have done; ég er búinn eta, I have done eating; vera búinn e-u (a work, business of any kind), to have done with it; also absol., eg er búinn, I have done; thus e.g. vera b. kaupa, fyrir löngu b., b. at græða, leysa, etc., in mod. sense means to have done, done long ago; only by adding prepp. við, til (vera við búinn, til búinn) the part. resumes its old sense: on the other hand, búinn in the sense of having done hardly ever occurs in old writers. . búð (búið) is even used adverbially = may be, may happen; with subj. with or without 'at,' búð, svá til ætlað, may be, it will come so to happen, Nj. 114; búð, dragi til þess sem vera vill, 185; búð, eigi fari fjarri því sem þú gazt til, id., Ed. Johns. 508, note c; búð, svá þykki sem ek grípa gulli við þá, 9, note 3; búð, eigi hendi hann slík úgipta annat sinn, 42; búð, ek láta annars víti at varnaði verða, 106; búð, vér þurfim enn hlífanna, Sturl. ii. 137 (vellum MSS.; um ríð, Ed., quite without sense), cp. also Eb. 27 new Ed.: in mod. usage it is freq. to say, það er búið, vel búið, albúið, etc., it is likely, most likely that ... . svá búit, adverbially, and proncd. as if one word, as matters stand, or even temp. at present, as yet; eigi mun hlýða svá búit, i.e. it will not do 'so done,' i.e. something else must be done, Eg. 507; eigi munu þér at unnit svá búið, i.e. not as yet, Fms. vii. 270; stendr þar svá búit (i.e. unchanged), um hríð, xi. 81; en berjask eigi svo búit, not fight as yet, Nj. 229; segja Eyjólfi til svá búins, they tell Eyolf the state of things, viz. that nothing had been done, Gísl. 41; þeir skildu við svá búit; þeir lögðu frá við svá búið, implying 'vain effort,' Germ. 'unverrichteter Sache,'


Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0088, entry 1
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Ísl. ii, Hkr. i. 340: at svá búnu, adverbially, as yet, at present; hann kvaðsk eigi fýsask til Íslands at svá búnu, Nj. 123, Fms. xi. 131; þenna draum segjum vér engum manni at svá búnu, this dream we will not tell to anybody as yet, Nj. 212; en at svá búnu tjár ekki, Fas. i. 364. III. reflex. to 'boun' or 'busk' oneself, make oneself ready, equip oneself; gengu menu þá á skip sín, ok bjoggusk sem hvatligast, Fms. v. 15: adding the infinitive of a verb as predicate, bjósk hann at fara norðr til Þrandheims, Eg. 18; or ellipt., where búask thus denotes the act itself, býsk hann út til Íslands, i.e. he 'busked' him to go ..., Nj. 10; bjoggusk þeir fóstbræðr í hernað, they went on a free-booting trip, Landn. 31; seg Agli at þeir búisk þaðan fimmtán, 94: or adding another verb denoting the act, in the same tense, bjósk Haraldr konungr úr Þrándheimi með skipaliði, ok fór suðr á Mæri, he 'busked' him ... and went south, Eg. 7; the journey added in gen., búask ferðar sinnar, Fms. i. 3; búask menu ferða sinna, Ld. 177. . denoting intention, hidden or not put into action; fór kurr, at Skúli byggisk á land upp, Fms. ix. 483. 2. to prepare for a thing; búask við boði, veizlu, etc., Nj. 10, Korm. 10; b. (vel, kristilega) við dauða sínum, andláti sínu, (eccl.) to prepare for one's death, Fs. 80, Bs. i. 74; búask við vetri, to provide for the winter, get store in, Fms. xi. 415; b. við úfriði, vii. 23. . to be on one's guard, take steps to prevent a thing; ríða hér úvinir þínir at þér; skaltu svá við búask, i.e. be sure of that, make up thy mind, Nj. 264; bústu svá við, skal hann kveða, at ..., Grág. ii. 244. . such phrases as, búask um = búa um sik, to make one's own bed, encamp, make oneself comfortable, Nj. 259; tjölduðu búðir ok bjöggusk vel um, 219; var hörð veðrátta, svá at ekki mátti úti um búask, Fms. x. 13. Ld. 348; in the last passage the verb is deponent. 3. metaph., b. við e-u, to expect, freq. in mod. usage; in phrases, það er ekki við búast, it cannot be expected; búast við e-m, to expect a guest, or the like. . to intend, think about; eg býst við koma, I hope to come; eg bjóst aldrei við því, I never hoped for that, it never entered my mind, and in numberless cases. 4. passive (very rare and not classical); um kveldit er matr bjósk = er m. var búinn, Fms. ix. 364.


Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0091, entry 15
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

BYSJA, [Dan. buse; Swed. busa = to gush], to gush, a defect, verb, occurs only twice or thrice, viz. in pres. sing, býss, Ó. H. (in a verse), busti (pret. sing.), gushed, of blood, Hkv. 2.8; of tears, Edda (append.) 217: the infin. never occurs, and the word is never used in prose.


Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0093, entry 6
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

C. CHANGES: I. assimilation: 1. ðd change into dd, as in the feminines breidd, vídd, sídd, from breiðr, víðr, síðr; pret. beiddi, leiddi, ræddi, hæddi, hlýddi, etc., from beiða, ræða, hlýða, etc. 2. ðt into tt, adj. neut., gott, ótt, brátt, leitt, from góðr, óðr, bráðr, leiðr. 3. the Goth, zd, Germ, and Engl. rd into dd in words such as rödd = Goth. razda; oddr = Germ, ort; hodd = Engl. hoard, Goth. huzd; gaddr = Goth. gazds, etc. Those words, however, are few in number. II. the initial þ of a pronoun, if suffixed to the verb, changes into ð or d, and even t, e.g. far-ðu, gör-ðu, sjá-ðu, fá-ðu, bú-ðu, = far þú (imperat.), etc.; kalla-ðu, tala-ðu, = kalla þú, tala þú; or kon-du, leid-du, bíd-du, sýn-du, sen-du, = kom þú, leið þú, etc.; or t, hal-tu, vil-tu, skal-tu, ben-tu, hljót-tu, = hald þú, vilt þú, skalt þú, bend þú, hljót þu; and even so the plur. or dual -- komi-ðið, haldi-ðið, ætli-ðið, vilið-ið, göri-ðér, gangi-ðér, = komi þið ... gangi þér; or following conjunctions, efað-ðú = ef þú, síðan-ðú = síðan þú, áðren-ððí = áðr en þú. III. change of d into ð: 1. d, whether radical or inflexive, is spelt and pronounced ð after a vowel and an r or f, g, e.g. blóð, þjóð, biðja, leið, nauð, hæð, brúðr, bæði, borð, orð, garðr, ferð, görð, bragð, lagði, hægð, hafði, höfðum (capitibus), etc. This is without regard to etymology, e.g. Goth, þiuda (gens) and þjuþ (bonum) are equally pronounced and spelt 'þjóð;' Goth. dauþs and dêds, Icel. dauði and dáð; Goth, guþ (deus) and gôds (bonus), Icel. guð, góðr; Goth. fadar, bruþar, Icel. faðir, bróðir, cp. Germ, vater, mutter, but bruder; Goth, vaurd and gards, Icel. orð, garðr; Engl. burden and birth, Icel. byrðr, burðr, etc. Again, in some parts of western Icel. rð, gð, and fd are pronounced as rd, gd, fd, ord, Sigurd, gerdu (fac), bragd (with a soft g, but hard d), hafdi (with a soft f and hard d); marks of this may be found in old MSS., e.g. Cod. Reg. (Kb.) of Stem. Edda. 2. an inflexive d is sounded and spelt ð: . after k, p, e.g. in pret. of verbs, steypði, gleypði, klípði, drúpði, gapði, glapði, steikði, ríkði, sekði, hrökði, hneykði, blekði, vakði, blakði, etc., from steypa, klípa, drúpa, gapa, glepja, steikja, ríkja, sekja, hrökkva, hneykja, blekkja, vekja, or vaka, etc.; and feminines, sekð, eykð, dýpð, etc. . after the liquids l, m, n in analogous cases, valði, dulði, hulði, deilði, and dæmði, sæmði, dreymði, geymði, samði, framði, and vanði, brenði, etc., from dylja, deila, dreyma, semja, venja, brenna, etc.; feminines or nouns, sæmð, fremð, vanði (use), ynði (delight), anði (breath), synð (sin): these forms are used constantly in very old MSS. (12th century, and into the 13th); but then they changed -- lð, mð, into ld, md, nd, and kð, into kt, pt, etc. . after s (only on Runic stones; even the earliest Icel. MSS. spell st), e.g. raisþi = reisti from reisa. In MSS. of the middle of that century, such as the Ó.H., Cod. Reg. of the Eddas and Grágás, the old forms are still the rule, but the modern occur now and then; the Grágás in nineteen cases out of twenty spells sekð (culpa), but at times also 'sekt;' NUM="b0094">


Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0093, entry 30
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DAGR, m., irreg. dat. degi, pl. dagar: [the kindred word dœgr with a vowel change from ó (dóg) indicates a lost root verb analogous to ala, ól, cp. dalr and dælir; this word is common to all Teutonic dialects; Goth. dags; A.S. dag; Engl. day; Swed.-Dan. dag; Germ, tag; the Lat. dies seems to be identical, although no interchange has taken place] :-- a day; in different senses: 1. the natural day :-- sayings referring to the day, at kveldi skal dag leyfa, at eventide shall the day be praised, Hm. 80 ; allir dagar eiga kveld um síðir; mörg eru dags augu, vide auga; enginn dagr til enda tryggr, no day can be trusted till its end; allr dagr til stefnu, Grág. i. 395, 443, is a law phrase, -- for summoning was lawful only if performed during the day; this phrase is also used metaph. = 'plenty of time' or the like: popular phrases as to the daylight are many -- dagr rennr, or rennr upp, and kemr upp, the day rises, Bm. 1; dagr í austri, day in the east, where the daylight first appears; dagsbrún, 'day's brow,' is the first streak of daylight, the metaphor taken from the human face; lysir af degi, it brightens from the day, i.e. daylight is appearing; dagr ljómar, the day gleams; fyrir dag, before day; móti degi, undir dag, about daybreak; komið at degi, id., Fms. viii. 398; dagr á lopti, day in the sky; árla, snemma dags, early in the morning, Pass. 15. 17; dagr um allt lopt, etc.; albjartr dagr, hábjartr d., full day, broad daylight; hæstr dagr, high day; önd-verðr d., the early day = forenoon, Am. 50; miðr dagr, midday, Grág. i. 413, 446, Sks. 217, 219; áliðinn dagr, late in the day, Fas. i. 313; hallandi dagr, declining day; at kveldi dags, síð dags, late in the day, Fms. i. 69. In the evening the day is said to set, hence dag-sett, dag-setr, and dagr setzt; in tales, ghosts and spirits come out with nightfall, but dare not face the day; singing merry songs after nightfall is not safe, það kallast ekki Kristnum leyft kveða þegar dagsett er, a ditty; Syrpuvers er mestr galdr er í fólginn, ok eigi er lofat at kveða eptir dagsetr, Fas. iii. 206, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 7, 8: the daylight is symbolical of what is true or clear as day, hence the word dagsanna, or satt sem dagr, q.v. 2. of different days; í dag, to-day, Grág. i. 16, 18, Nj. 36, Ld. 76, Fms. vi. 151; í gær-dag, yesterday; í fyrra dag, the day before yesterday, Háv. 50; í hinni-fyrra dag, the third day; annars dags, Vígl. 23, Pass. 50. I; hindra dags, the hinder day, the day after to-mor- row, Hm. 109; dag eptir dag, day after day, Hkr. ii. 313; dag frá degi, from day to day, Fms. ii. 230; hvern dag frá öðrum, id., Fms. viii. 182; annan dag frá öðrum. id., Eg. 277; um daginn, during the day; á dögunum. the other day; nótt ok dag, night and day; liðlangan dag, the 'life-long' day; dögunum optar, more times than there are days, i.e. over and over again, Fms. x. 433; á deyjanda degi, on one's day of death, Grág. i. 402. . regu-dagr, a rainy day: sólskins-dagr, a sunny day; sumar- dagr, a summer day; vetrar-dagr, a winter day; hátíðis-dagr, a feast day; fegins-dagr, a day of joy; dóms-dagr, the day of doom, judgment day, Gl. 82, Fms. viii. 98; hamingju-dagr, heilla-dagr, a day of happiness; gleði- dagr, id.; brúðkaups-dagr, bridal-day; burðar-dagr, a birthday. 3. in pl. days in the sense of times; aðrir dagar, Fms. i. 216; ek ætlaða ekki at þessir dagar mundu verða, sem eru orðnir, Nj. 171; góðir dagar, happy days, Fms. xi. 286, 270; sjá aldrei glaðan dag (sing.), never to see glad days. . á e-s dögum, um e-s daga eptir e-s daga, esp. of the lifetime or reign of kings, Fms.; but in Icel. also used of the lög- sögumaðr, Jb. repeatedly; vera á dögum, to be alive; eptir minn dag, 'after my day,' i.e. when I am dead. . calendar days, e.g. Hvita- dagar, the White days, i.e. Whitsuntide; Hunda-dagar, the Dog days; Banda-dagr, Vincula Petri; Höfuð-dagr, Decap. Johannis; Geisla-dagr, Epiphany; Imbru-dagar, Ember days; Gang-dagar, 'Ganging days,' Ro- gation days; Dýri-dagr, Corpus Christi; etc. 4. of the week- days; the old names being Sunnu-d. or Drottins-d., Mána-d., Týs-d., Öðins-d., Þórs-d., Frjá-d., Laugar-d. or Þvátt-d. It is hard to understand how the Icel. should be the one Teut. people that have disused the old names of the week-days; but so it was, vide Jóns S. ch. 24; fyrir bauð hann at eigna daga vitrum mönnum heiðnum, svá sem at kalla Týrsdag


Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0096, entry 4
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

danza, mod. dansa, að, to dance, Sks. 705, not in Sturl. and Bs., who use the phrase slá danz; the verb danza occurs for the first time in the ballads and rímur -- Ekki er dagr enn, vel d. vifin, Fkv. ii. 102.


Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0097, entry 44
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DÁMR, m. [peril, akin to the Germ. dampf, flavour; görði síðan af dám ekki góðan, Bs. i. 340; il'tr d., Konr. 57; the phrase, draga dam af e-u, to take a (bad) flavour from a thing; hver dregr dam af sinuin sessu- nautum: Icel. also use a verb dáma, að, in the phrase, e-m dumar ekki e-t, i. e. to dislike, to loathe; a filthy person is called ó-dánir, etc.



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