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Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0025, entry 35
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.
ASKR, s, m. [A. S. äsc, whence many Engl. local names; Germ. esche], an ash, fraxinus, Edda (Gl.); a. ygdrasils, Edda 10, 11, Pr. 431. 2. anything made of ash:
. a spear, prop. ashen spear shaft (cp. GREEK), Þiðr. 304, Edda (Gl.)
. a small ship, a bark (built of ash, cp. GREEK, abies); en þeir sigla burt á einum aski, Fas. ii. 206, i. 421: it appears only two or three times in Icel. prose writers; hence may be explained the name of ascmanni, viking, pirate, in Adam Brem. ch. 212 [A. S. äscmen], cp. askmaðr.
. a small vessel of wood (freq. in Icel., and used instead of deep plates, often with a cover (asklok) in carved work); stórir askar fullir af skyri, Eg. 549, 550; cp. kyrnu-askr, skyr-askr.
. a Norse measure for liquids, equal to four bowls, or sixteen justur, Gþl. 525, N. G. L. i. 328, H. E. i. 396, Fms. vii. 203. COMPDS: aska-smiðr, m. ship-wright (vide
.), Eg. 102. aska-spillir, m. a ship-spoiler, i.e. a pirate, a cognom., Glúm., Landn.; v.l. akraspillir, less correctly.
Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0028, entry 1
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a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396. 2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one's hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68. VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one's leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes...; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem ..., as to infer from ..., Nj. 124:' fara, láta, ganga at' denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368. VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless. VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ' the, ' so much the more, all the more; 'at' heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er' at' firr..., at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest... ut, Eg. 60. ß. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi... at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt..., 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74. IX. following many words: 1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc. ß. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at. .., to laugh at.. .; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at..., to make sport at...
. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk :—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli :—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above :—fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98: —care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words :—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere :—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, 'sumra at' cannot be used, yet we may say 'vára að' when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild.
. in num- berless other cases which may partly be seen below. 2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east...; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside. 3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v, these words. WITH ACC. TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word. ILLEGIBLE In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.
Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0032, entry 8
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auðna, að, impers. to be ordained by fate; ef honum auðnaði eigi aptr at koma, if it was not ordained by fate that he should come back, Fms. ix. 350; sem auðnar, as luck decides, Fb. i. 160, Fas. iii. 601, Lv. 30: with gen., ef Guð vill at þess auðni, that it shall succeed, Bs. i. 159, v. 1., þat is less correct: now freq. in a dep. form, e-m auðnast, one is successful, with following infin.
Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0034, entry 6
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auk-nefni, n. 'eke-name,' a nickname:
. a defamatory name, punishable with the lesser outlawry, Grág. ii. 146.
. in a less strong sense; hann var svartr á hár ok hörund, ok því þótti honum a. gefit er hann var Birtingr kallaðr, he was swarth of hair and skin, and for that it seemed a nickname was given him when he was called 'Brighting,' Fms. vii. 157: Helgi átti kenningar nafn, ok var kallaðr hvíti; ok var þat eigi a., því at hann var vænn maðr ok vel hærðr, hvítr á hár, Helgi had a surname (in a good sense), and was called 'White;' and that was no nickname, for he was a handsome man and well-haired, white of hair, Fbr. 80: þú hyggr at ek muna vilja giptast einum bastarði, -- eigi em ek bastarðr nema at a., of William the Conqueror, Fb. iii. 464. In old times, esp. at the time of the colonisation of Iceland, such nicknames were in freq. use, as may be seen from the index in the Landnama; they gradually went out of use, but still occur now and then throughout the whole of the Saga period in Icel. down to the 14th century.
Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0037, entry 3
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C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, on, upon, in, to, with, towards, against: I. denoting object, in respect of, against, almost periphrastically; dvelja á náðum e-s, under one's protection, Fms. i. 74; hafa metnað á e-u, to be proud of, to take pride in a thing, 127. 2. denoting a personal relation, in; bæta e-t á e-m, to make amends, i.e. to one personally; misgöra e-t á e-m, to inflict wrong on one; hafa elsku (hatr) á e-m, to bear love (hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sín á e-m, to take revenge on one's person, on anyone; rjúfa sætt á e-m, to break truce on the person of any one, to offend against his person, Nj. 103; hafa sár á sér, 101; sjá á e-m, to read on or in one's face; sér hann á hverjum manni hvárt til þín er vel eðr illa, 106; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum, at ..., it could soon be seen in all her doings, that ..., Ld. 22. 3. also generally to shew signs of a thing; sýna fáleika á sér, to shew marks of displeasure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, illa, lítt, á e-u, to take a thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; finna á sér, to feel in oneself; fann lítt á honum, hvárt ..., it could hardly be seen in his face, whether ..., Eb. 42; líkindi eru á, it is likely, Ld. 172; göra kost á e-u, to give a choice, chance of it, 178; eiga vald á e-u, to have power over ..., Nj. 10. II. denoting encumbrance, duty, liability; er fimtardómsmál á þeim, to be subject to ..., Nj. 231; the phrase, hafa e-t á hendi, or vera á hendi e-m, on one's hands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi á fé, term, pay day, Grág. i. 140; ómagi (skylda, afvinna) á fé, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grág. in several passages. III. with a personal pronoun, sér, mér, honum ..., denoting personal appearance, temper, character, look, or the like; vera þungr, léttr ... á sér, to be heavy or light, either bodily or mentally; þungr á sér, corpulent, Sturl. i. 112; kátr ok léttr á sér, of a gay and light temper, Fms. x. 152; þat bragð hafði hann á sér, he looked as if, ... the expression of his face was as though ..., Ld., cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á sér svip, bragð, æði, sið, of one's manner or personal appearance, to bear oneself as, or the like; skjótr (seinn) á fæti, speedy (slow) of foot, Nj. 258. IV. as a periphrasis of the possessive pronoun connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as my hands, eyes, head ... are hardly ever used, but höfuð, eyru, hár, nef, munnr, hendr, faetr ... á mér; so 'í' is used of the internal parts, e.g. hjarta, bein ... í mér; the eyes are regarded as inside the body, augun í honum: also without the possessive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjóstið á e-m, one's breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; súrnar í augum, it smarts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202; kviðinn á sér, its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr á henni, her hands, Gísl. (in a verse); í vörunum á honum, on his lips, Band. 14; ristin á honum, his step, Fms. viii. 141; harðr í tungu, sharp of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) á fingrum, höndum, fótum ..., cold (warm) in the fingers, hands, feet ..., i.e. with cold fingers, etc.; cp. also the phrase, verða vísa (orð) á munni, of extemporising verses or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr á fótum, fast by the leg, of a bondsman, Nj. 27: of the whole body, díla fundu þeir á honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn style (poetry, hymns, the Bible), and perhaps only when influenced by foreign languages, e.g. mitt hjarta hví svo hryggist þú, as a translation of 'warumb betrübst du dich mein Herz?' the famous hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popular hjartað í mér, Sl. 43, 44: hjartað mitt is only used as a term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or the like, in a metaphorical sense; the heart proper is 'í mér,' not 'mitt.' 2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a part belonging to the whole, e.g. dyrr á husi = húsdyrr, at the house-doors; turn á kirkju = kirkju turn; stafn, skutr, segl, árar ... á skipi, the stem, stern, sail ... of a ship, Fms. ix. 135; blöð á lauk, á tré ..., leaves of a leek, of a tree ..., Fas. i. 469; egg á sverði = sverðs egg; stafr á bók; kjölr á bók, and in endless other instances. V. denoting instrumentality, by, on, or a-, by means of; afla fjár á hólmgöngum, to make money a-duelling, by means of duels, Eg. 498; á verkum sínum, to subsist on one's own work, Njarð. 366: as a law term, sekjast á e-ju, to be convicted upon ..., Grág. i. 123; sekst maðr þar á sínu eigini (a man is guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af þeim manni er heimild (possessio) hefir til, ii. 191; falla á verkum sínum, to be killed flagranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n á bragði, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan á flótta, to escape by flight, Eg. 11; á hlaupi, by one's feet, by speed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa á e-u, to feed on; bergja á e-u, to taste of a thing; svala sér á e-u, to quench the thirst on. VI. with subst. numerals; á þriðja tigi manna, up to thirty, i.e. from about twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; á öðru hundraði skipa, from one to two hundred sail strong, Fms. x. 126; á níunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years of age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., á hendi, on one's hand, i.e. bound to do it, v. hönd. VII. in more or less adverbial phrases it may often be translated in Engl. by a participle and a- prefixed; á lopti, aloft; á floti, afloat; á lífi, alive; á verðgangi, a-begging; á brautu, away; á baki, a-back, behind, past; á milli, a-tween; á laun, alone, secretly; á launungu, id.; á móti, against; á enda, at an end, gone; á huldu, hidden; fara á hæli, to go a-heel, i.e. backwards, Fms. vii. 70; -- but in many cases these phrases are transl. by the Engl. partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prefix, not a prep., á flugi, a-flying in the air, Nj. 79; vera á gangi, a-going; á ferli, to be about; á leiki, a-playing, Fms. i. 78; á sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27; á verði, a-watching, x. 201; á hrakningi, a-wandering; á reiki, a-wavering; á skjálfi, a-shivering; á-hleri, a-listening; á tali, a-talking, Ísl. ii. 200; á hlaupi, a-running, Hkr. ii. 268; á verki, a-working; á veiðum, a-hunting; á fiski, a-fishing; á beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in flagranti, N. G. L. i. 348. VIII. used absolutely without a case in reference to the air or the weather, where 'á' is almost redundant; þoka var á mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niðamyrkr var á, pitch darkness came on, Eg. 210; allhvast á norðan, a very strong breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; þá var á norðrænt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaðan sem á er, from whatever point the wind is; var á hríð veðrs, a snow storm came on, Nj. 282; görði á regn, rain came on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld. 156.
Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0046, entry 16
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ást-goði, a, m. a darling, good genius; hann þótti öllum mönnum á., he (viz. bishop Paul) was endeared to all hearts, Bs. i. 137: the old Ed. reads ástgóði, endearment, which seems less correct, v. goði: goði in the sense of good genius is still in use in the ditty to the Icel. game 'goða-tafl' (heima ræð eg goða minn).
Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0046, entry 48
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á-sýn, f. countenance, presence; kasta e-m burt frá sinni á., Stj. 651: appearance, shape, Hom. 155; dat. pl. used as adv., hversu var hann ásýnum, how did he look? Hom. 91; ágætr at ætt ok á., fair of race and noble, Hkr. i. 214: gen. sing, used as adv., minna ásýnar, apparently less, Grág. ii. 29. 2. metaph. a view, opinion; með rangri á., Sks. 344.
Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0067, entry 21
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BLAUTR, adj. [A. S. bleât = miser; Germ. blozs = nudus; Scot. blait = nudus (Jamieson); Dan. blöd; Swed. blödig = soft; the Dan. and Swed. blott, blotted, = stripped, are borrowed from Germ.; Ivar Aasen distinguishes between blaú = shy, and blaut = wet, damp; blauðr and blautr are no doubt only variations of the same word]. I. soft, Lat. mollis, in a good sense; this sense of the word remains only in a few compds, v. above, and in a few phrases, e.g. frá blautu barns beini, from babyhood, Fms. iii. 155, Magn. 522, Al. 71; b. fiskr, fresh (soft) fish, Bs. i. 853, opp. to harðr (dried) fiskr; in Swed., however, it means soaked fish: in poetry, b. sæing, a soft bed, Gísl. (in a verse): of stuffs, but only in less classical writers or translated romances; b. purpuri, Bret. 32; lerépt, Sks. 400 A; dúnn, Mart. 126; blautir vindar, soft breezes, Sks. 214 B: a single exception is, Edda 19, fjöturinn var sléttr ok b. sem silkiræma, soft and smooth as silk lace. 2. = blauðr, faint, imbecile; blautir menn, Al. 34, Fas. i. 161: a paraphrasis of blauðr in Fm. 6. II. but commonly metaph. = soaked, wet, miry, [cp. Swed. blöt, and the phrase, lägga sit hufuud í blöt, to beat one's brains: cp. also bleyta, mud; bloti, thaw; blotna, to melt]; þar vóru vellir blautir, því at regn höfðu verit, Eg. 528; keldur blautar, 266; þeir fengu ekki blautt um Valbjarnar-völlu, Bs. i. 509, etc.; cp. Scot. and North. E. soft road, soft weather, = wet, Scott's Black Dwarf, ch. 3 note.
Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0069, entry 12
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blíða, u, f. [Ulf. bleiþei], literally blitheness, but in usage gentleness, grace, of a woman; alla blíðu lét hón uppi við mik, Nj. 18; hófst þá enn at nýju b. (friendly intercourse) með þeim mágum, Fms. ix. 450: in mod. usage, balminess of the air: fair words, blandishment, Sks. 540. COMPD: blíðu-bragð, n. a token of grace, caressing, Stj. 90, Fms. vii. 108: in a less good sense, of outward shew, Fas. iii. 151, 209.
Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0070, entry 34
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blót-hús, n. a heathen house of worship, sometimes less than the 'hof,' used like Christian chapels for private worship, Fms. ii. 263, Ísl. ii. 109: a temple in general, Stj. 391.
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