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Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0040, entry 5
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a-felli, n. a hardship, shock, calamity; þat á. (spell) hafði legit á því fólki, at hver kona fseddi dauðan frurnburð sinn er hon ol, Mar. 656; afskaplig á., Stj. 90 (also of a spell); þreynging ok á., 121; með hversu miklu á. (injustice) Sigurðr konungr vildi heimta þetta mál af honum, Hkr. iii. 257; standa undir a., to be wider great lordship, Fms. iv. 146, vi. 147; með miklu á. (of insanity), vii. i. ^o; þeir vóru sex vetr í þessu á., viz. in bondage, x. 225; hvert á. jarl hafði veitt honum, what penalties the earl bad laid upon him, Orkn. 284, Fms. iv. 310. |3. damnation, condemnation, = afall; nu vil ek at þú sniíir eigi svá skjótt málinu til áfellis honum, Band. 4. COMPD: áfellis-dómr, m. condemnation, Grág. Introd. clxviii, Gþl. 174.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0052, entry 17
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BARN, n. pl. born, [Ulf. barn; O. H. G. parn; A. S. beam; Scot, and North. E. bairn; cp. bera and Lat. parire] :-- a bairn, child, baby. This word, which in olden time was common to all the Teut. idioms, was lost in Germany as early as the 13th century (Grimm, s. v.); in the South of England it went out of use at an early time, and was replaced by ' child;' even the Ormulum uses barn only four times, else always ' child. ' In North. E. bairu is still a household word, and freq. in popular Scottish writers, Burns, Walter Scott, etc. In the whole of Scandinavia it is in full and exclusive use; the Germ. ' kind' is in Icel. entirely unknown in this sense, v. the funny story Ísl. jþjóð. ii. 535; (' kind' in common Icel. means a sheep.) In Danish barn is the only word which, like the Icel., changes the radical vowel in pl. into ö (born). Proverbs referring to barn; barnið vex en brókin ekki; þetta verðr aldri barn í brók; bráð er barnslundin (barnæskan); nema börn hvað ú bæ er titt; allir hafa börnin verið; því laera börnin málið að það er fyrir þeim hatt; tvisvar verðr gamall maðrinn barn; bragð er at þá barnið fmnr; snemnia taka börn til meina; Guð gefr björg með barni, cp. Eggert (Bb.) 1. 14; sex born, daetr þrjár ok þrjá sonu, Nj. 30, Ísl. ii. 198, Vsp. 36; eiga þrjá sonu barna, Fms. xi. 43; og svíkjast um að eiga börn, Eggert (Bb.) 1. 14; vera með barni, to be with child, Fms. ii. 212, i. 57, 68, Ísl. ii. 197; fara með barni, to gowith child, Nj. 130; frá blautu barni, from a child, Fms. iii. 155; unni honum hvert barn, every c hild, i. e. every living creature, loved him, i. 17; hvert mannsbarn, e very man: metaph. (rare), offspring, Niðrst. IO: barn, barnið gott, börn, barnið mitt (rticvov, TÍKVO) is with many a favourite term of endearment in talking with another, Látum líða og bíða, börn, Pal Vid. in a popular ditty: eptirlætisbarn, a pet, spoilt child; olbogabarn, a bard-treated child; oskabarn, a child of adoption; sveinbarn, a boy; meybarn, a girl; ungbarn, a baby. COMPDS: barna- börn, n. pl. grand-children, Grág. i. 185. bama-eign, f. procreation of children, v. barneign. barna-fœri, n. the phrase, ekki b., no task for children, fjórð. 97 (1860). barna-gaman, n. child's play, El. I. barna-karl, m. child's friend, nickname of an old pirate; hann var vikingr mikill, hann let eigi henda börn á spjótsoddum sem þá var víkingum títt, því var hann b. kallaðr, he was a great pirate, but he did not spit babies as pirates then used to do, wherefore he was called b., Landn. 308; in mod. usage, one who has many children, mesti b. barna-kensla, u, f. fathering a child upon one (kenna e-m barn), N. G. L. i. 410: mod. training children in a school. bama-leikr, m. a child's play, Grett. 107 A, vide barnleikr. barna-messa, u, f., now barna- dagr, m. Holy Innocents' Day, Dec. 28, N. G. L. i. 377. barna- mold, f. argilla apyra, also called Pétrs mold, argilla St. Petri, Eggert Itin. p. 125. barna-mosi, a, m., botan. sphagnum cymbifolium, Hjalt. barna-skap, n. in the phrase, hafa ekki b., to be nobab y, Fs. 138. barna-spil, n. a childish play, Fas. i. 88 paper MS.; spil is a Germ. for. word. barna-vipr, n. childish trifles, gewgaws, Ld. 122. barna- þattr, m. the section of law concerning infants, baptism, etc., in the Icel. Jus. Eccl., K. þ. K. 8. barns-aldr, m. childhood. Eg. 118, Fms. ii. 267. barns-bein, n. in the phrase, frá blautu b., v. above, Al. 71. barns- farir, f. pl. in the phrase, deyja af barnsförum, to die in childbed. barns-full, za] . pregnant, Pr. 185, -- a rude phrase; Icel. now say, kálffull kýr, but not barnsfull kona. barns-fylgja, u, f., medic, secundinae, a baby's caul, Björn. barns-gratr, m. the cry of a baby, Fms. x. 218. barns-hafandi, part, pregnant, Jb. 114. barn. 8-h. ufa, u, f. a baby's cap, D. N. barns-lik, n. a baby's corpse, Hkr. iii. 184. barns-mál, n. babble, El. 15. barns-skirsl, f. i/// awt baptism, N. G. L. i. 131 (Norse). barns-sótt, f. = jóðsótt, the pains of childbirth, Bs. i. 327. barns-útkast, n. and barns-útburðr, m. exposure of infants, N. G. L. i. 303. barns-verk, n. child's work, Fms. ix. 35.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0054, entry 3
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baug-rygr, jar, f. pl. ir, a law term, an only daughter entitled to receive and pay weregild, in default of heirs male. The Norse law defines thus, ef hon er einberni, ok til arfs komin, þar til er hón sezt á brúðstól, ... up to her wedding day, N. G. L. i. 184, 92: the Icel. law does not limit the right to her marrying; sú er kona ein er bæði skal baugi bæta ok baug taka, ef hon er einberni, en sú kona heitir b., en hon er dóttir hins dauða, Grág. ii. 183.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0071, entry 94
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BORÐI, a, m. [cp. Engl. border; O.H.G. porto; Germ, borti; prob. akin to borð]:-- a border, Lat. limbus; byrða á borða (acc.), t o embroider, Gkv. 2. 16; bregða borða, to leave off embroidering, 17; rekja borða, to embroider, Heir. 1, Og. 18; b. ok hannyrðir, Fas. i. 430, 523; kona sat við borða, a lady sat embroidering, Fms. ii. 148; slá borða, to embroider, Fas. i. 113; cp. borða skögul, gná, etc., a poët. circumlocution of a lady, Lex. Poët.: tapestry, b. fimtigi alna, Dipl. iii. 4, Pm. 10, Bs. i. 77: of the tapestry of a church, esp. the choir, Nj. 6. 2. poët. a shield, Lex. Poët.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0082, entry 43
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brúða, u, f. a doll, puppet, Fms. xi. 309; stól-brúða (literally chair-bride), the pillar in carved work on the side of an old-fashioned chair; in Fbr. 98 the head of Thor was carved on the chair; Gríma kona Gamla átti stól einn mikinn, en á brúðum stólsins var skorinn Þórr, ok var þat mikit líkneski, cp. the classical passage Eb. ch. 4; var hár hennar bundit við stólbrúðurnar, Bárð. 175 (in the vellum MS. distinctly bruðrnar UNCERTAIN): a distinction in form and inflexion is always made between brúðr, a bride, and brúða, puppet; hence the saying, 'to sit like a brúða,' i.e. motionless, not stirring a limb; bláum skrýddr skrúða, skikkanlegri en brúða, more quiet than a b., Sig. Pét. 229; the sense of GREEK and GREEK in Greek is analogous.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0091, entry 51
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bæsingr, m., prop, one born in a báss (q.v.); hence, as a law term, the child of an outlawed mother; þat barn er ok eigi arfgengt (that child is also not entitled to inheritance), er sú kona getr er sek er orðin skógarmaðr, þó-at hon geti við bónda sínum úsekjum, ok heitir sá maðr bæsingr, Grág. i. 178. Is not the name Bastard, which first occurs as. the surname of the Conqueror, simply a Norman corruption of this Scandin. law term? The son of an outlawed father was called vargdropi, q.v. 2. poët. the name of a sword, Edda (Gl.)

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0093, entry 1
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C (cé), the third letter, has all along been waning in Icel. The early Gothic Runes (Golden horn) use RUNE for k, e.g. RUNE for ek, ego; the later common Runes have no c. The Anglo-Saxon Runes follow the Gothic, and use c tor k, as cén, a torch. A. SPELLING. -- The rule given by the first Icel. grammarian, Thorodd (A.D. 1140), is curious; he says that he will follow the Scots in using c with all the vowels, as in Latin, and then makes c serve instead of k; but, though in other cases he makes the small capitals serve for double consonants, e. g. uBi, braT, meN, haLar, döG, = ubbi, bratt, menn, etc., he admits k to mark a double c, and spells söc sake, but sök sank; lycia to shut, but lykja a knot; vaca to wake, but vaka vagari; þecia to thatch, but þekia to know. Thorodd gives as his reason that other consonants have different shapes as small or capital, but c is uniform, whereas he says that k suits well for a double c, being a Greek letter itself, and having a shape similar to a double c, namely, RUNE; this k or double c he calls ecc, but the single c he calls ce, Skálda 108. The second grammarian (about the end of the 12th century) only admits c as a final letter, ranking with ð, z, or x, which are never used as initials: all these letters he calls 'sub-letters;' he thus writes karl, kona, kunna, but vöc, söc, tac. Such were the grammatical rules, but in practice they were never strictly followed. As the Anglo-Saxon, in imitation of the Latin, used c throughout for k, so the earliest Icel. MSS., influenced by the Anglo-Saxon or by MSS. written in Britain, made free use of it, and k and c appear indiscriminately; k is more frequent, but c is often used between two vowels or after a vowel, e.g. taca, lécu, vica, hoc, etc. etc. In such cases, t and c (k) can often hardly be distinguished; and readings can sometimes be restored by bearing this in mind, e.g. in Bjarn. S. (all our MSS. come from a single vellum MS.) the passage 'létu heim at landinu' should be read 'lécu (léku) honum landmunir,' 16; ' sáttvarr' is 'sacvarr,' i.e. sakvarr, 51; cp. also such readings as bikdælir instead of Hitdælir, Gullþ. 3; drickin = dritkinn, id. In Ad. 20 it is uncertain whether we are to read veclinga- or vetlinga-tös, probably the former. B. FOREIGN WORDS. -- Throughout the Middle Ages the spelling remained unsettled, but k gained ground, and at the time of the Reformation, when printing began, c was only kept to mark the double k, ek (cut on one face), and in foreign proper names; but it was not admitted in appellatives such as kirkja, klaustr, klerkr, kór, kross, kalkr or kaleikr, church (Scot, kirk), cloister, clericus, choir, cross, calix, etc., or in kista, kastali, kerti, keisari, kær, kærleiki, kyndill, kórona or krúna, kurteisi, kumpan, kompás, kapítuli, cista, castellum, cern, caesar (as appell.), carus, caritas, candela, corona, courtesy, company, compass, chapter. All words of that kind are spelt as if they were indigenous. The name of Christ is usually in editions of the N.T. and Vidal. spelt Christus or Christur, but is always sounded as a native word Kristr or Kristur, gen. Krists, dat. Kristi; in modern books it is also spelt so, and almost always in hymns and rhymes, ancient as well as modern, e.g. Stríðsmenn þá höfðu krossfest Krist | skiptu í staði fjóra fyrst, Pass. 36. I, 19.1, 3, 10.1, 14.1, 15.2, 16.1, 49.4; Postula kjöri Kristur þrjá, 41; Stríðsmenn Krist úr kúpu færðu, 30.1; Framandi maðr mætti Kristi | hér má fínna hvern það lystir, 30.6, 46.12. Icel. also spell Kristinn, Kristilegr, Christian; kristna, to christen, etc. . in the middle of syllables k for c is also used in words of foreign origin, Páskar = Pascha, Passover; dreki = draco; leikmenn = laici; Sikley or Sikiley = Sicilia; Grikland or Grikkland = Greece. In modern books of the last fifty years ck is turned into kk; and even C in proper names is rendered by K, except where it is sounded as S; thus Icel. spell Caesar, Cicero, Cyprus; for Sesar, Sisero, Syprus, Silisia -- although even this may be seen in print of the last ten or twenty years -- is a strange novelty. There is but one exception, viz. the proper name Cecilia, which, ever since the Reformation, has been spelt and pronounced Sesselja; where, however, the name occurs in old writers, e.g. the Sturl. i. 52 C, it is always spelt in the Latin form. Latin and foreign words are spelt with c in some MSS. communis-bók, f. a missal, Vm. 52. concurrentis-öld, f. dies concurrentes, Rb. crucis-messa = kross-messa, K.Þ.K. &hand; A digraph ch = k is at times found in MSS., as michill = mikill, etc. C is used in nearly all MSS. to mark 100; the Arabian figures, however, occur for the first time in the Hauks-bók and the chief MSS. of the Njála (all of them MSS. of from the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 14th century), but were again disused till about the time of the Reformation, when they came into use along with print. An inverted c (&c-reversed-long;) is sometimes in very early MSS. used as an abbreviation for con (kon), thus &c-reversed-long;ugr = konungr, &c-reversed-long;a = kona, &c-reversed-long;or = konor = konur; hence the curious blunder in the old Kd. of Páls. S., Bs. i. 140, viz. that a bishop had to take charge of women and clergy instead of choir and clergy, the word cór of the MSS. being mistaken for &c-reversed-long;or (konor). In MSS. of the 15th century c above the line is used as an abbreviation, e.g. t&c-super;a = taka, t&c-super;r = tekr, m&c-super;ill = mikill, etc.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0096, entry 3
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DANZ, mod. dans, n. a word of for. origin; [cp. mid. Lat. dansare; Fr. danser; Ital. danzare; Engl. dance; Germ. tanz, tanzen.] This word is certainly not Teutonic, but of Roman or perhaps Breton origin: the Icel. or Scandin. have no genuine word for dancing, -- leika means 'to play' in general: the word itself (danza, danz, etc.) never occurs in the old Sagas or poetry, though popular amusements of every kind are described there; but about the end of the 11th century, when the Sagas of the bishops (Bs.) begin, we find dance in full use, accompanied by songs which are described as loose and amorous: the classical passage is Jóns S. (A.D. 1106-1121), ch. 13. Bs. i. 165, 166, and cp. Júns S. by Gunnlaug, ch. 24. Bs. i. 237 -- Leikr sá var kær mönnum áðr en hinn heilagi Jón varð biskup, at kveða skyldi karlmaðr til konu í danz blautlig kvæði ok rægilig; ok kona til karlmanns mansöngs vísur; þenna leik lét hann af taka ok bannaði styrkliga; mansöngs kvæði vildi hann eigi heyra né kveða láta, en þó fékk hann því eigi af komið með öllu. Some have thought that this refers to mythical (Eddic) poetry, but without reason and against the literal sense of the passage; the heathen heroic poems were certainly never used to accompany a dance; their flow and metre are a sufficient proof of that. In the Sturl. (Hist. of the 12th and 13th century) dancing is mentioned over and over again; and danz is used of popular ballads or songs of a satirical character (as those in Percy's ballads): flimt (loose song) and danz are synonymous words; the Sturl. has by chance preserved two ditties (one of A.D. 1221, running thus -- Loptr liggr í Eyjum, bítr lunda bein | Sæmundr er á heiðum, etr berin ein. Stud. ii. 62, and one referring to the year 1264 -- Mínar eru sorgirnar þungar sem blý, Sturl. iii. 317) sufficient to shew the flow and metre, which are exactly the same as those of the mod. ballads, collected in the west of Icel. (Ögr) in the 17th century under the name of Fornkvæði, Old Songs, and now edited by Jon Sigurdsson and Svend Grundtvig. Danz and Fornkvæði are both of the same kind, and also identical with Engl. ballads, Dan. kæmpeviser. There are passages in Sturl. and B.S. referring to this subject -- færðu Breiðbælingar Lopt í flimtun ok görðu um hann danza marga, ok margskonar spott annat, Sturl. ii. 57, cp. 62; Danza-Bergr, the nickname of a man (Stud, ii), prob. for composing comic songs; danza- görð, composing comic songs; fylgðar-menn Kolbeins fóru með danza- görð, ... en er Brandr varð varr við flimtan þeirra, iii. 80; þá hrökti Þórðr hestinn undir sér, ok kvað danz þenna við raust, 317. . a wake, Arna S. ch. 2; in Sturl. i. 23; at the banquet in Reykhólar, 1119, the guests amused themselves by dancing, wrestling, and story-telling; þá var sleginn danz í stofu, ii. 117; í Viðvík var gleði mikil ok gott at vera; þat var einn Drottins dag at þar var danz mikill; kom þar til fjöldi manna; ok ríðr hann í Viðvík til danz, ok var þar at leik; ok dáðu menn mjök danz hans, iii. 258, 259; honum var kostr á boðinn hvat til gamans skyldi hafa, sögur eða danz um kveldit, 281; -- the last reference refers to the 21st of January, 1258, which fell on a Sunday (or wake-day): in ballads and tales of the Middle Ages the word is freq. :-- note the allit. phrase, dansinn dunar, Ísl. Þóðs. ii. 8: the phrases, stiga danz; ganga í danz; brúðir í danz, dansinn heyra; dans vill hun heyra, Fkv. ii. 7. Many of the burdens to the mod. Icel. ballads are of great beauty, and no doubt many centuries older than the ballads to which they are affixed; they refer to lost love, melancholy, merriment, etc., e.g. Blítt lætur veröldin, fölnar fögr fold | langt er síðan mitt var yndið lagt í mold, i. 74; Út ert þú við æginn blá, eg er hér á Dröngum, | kalla eg löngum, kalla eg til þin löngum; Skín á skildi Sól og sumarið fríða, | dynur í velli er drengir í burtu riða, 110; Ungan leit eg hofmann í fögrum runni, | skal eg í hljóði dilla þeim mér unm; Austan blakar laufið á þann linda, 129; Fagrar heyrða eg raddirnar við Niflunga heim; Fagrt syngr svanrinn um sumarlanga tíð, | þá mun list að leika sér mín liljan fríð, ii. 52: Einum unna eg manninum, á meðan það var, | þó hlaut eg minn harm að bera í leyndum stað, 94; Svanrinn víða. svanurinn syngr viða, 22; Utan eptir firðinum, sigla fagrar fleyr | sá er enginn glaður eptir annan þreyr, 110; Svo er mér illt og angrsamt því veldur þú, | mig langar ekki í lundinn með þá jungfrú, Espol. Ann. 1549. The earliest ballads seem to have been devoted to these subjects only; of the two earliest specimens quoted in the Sturl. (above), one is satirical, the other melancholy; the historical ballads seem to be of later growth: the bishops discountenanced the wakes and dancing (Bs. l.c., Sturl. iii), but in vain: and no more telling proof can be given of the drooping spirits of Icel. in the last century, than that dancing and wakes ceased, after having been a popular amusement for seven hundred years. Eggert Olafsson in his poems still speaks of wakes, as an eyewitness; in the west of Icel. (Vestfirðir) they lasted longer, but even there they died out about the time that Percy's ballads were published in England. The Fornkvæði or songs are the only Icel. poetry which often dispenses with the law of alliteration, which in other cases is the light and life of Icel. poetry; vide also hofmaðr, viki-vakar, etc. In the 15th century the rímur (metrical paraphrases of romances) were used as an accompaniment to the danz, höldar danza harla snart, ef heyrist vísan mín; hence originates the name man-söngr (maid-song), minne-sang, which forms the introduction to every ríma or rhapsody; the metre and time of the rímur are exactly those of ballads and well suited for dancing. An Icel. MS. of the 17th century, containing about seventy Icel. Fornkvæði, is in the Brit. Mus. no. 11,177; and another MS., containing about twenty such songs, is in the Bodl. Libr. no. 130.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0096, entry 10
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dapr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), dismal, sad; hnipin ok d., Ísl. ii. 196; kona d., a dreary looking woman, Sturl. ii. 212; d. ásjóna, a sad look, Fms. i. 262; d. draumar, dismal dreams, vi. 404.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0100, entry 26
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DJARFRj adj. [cp. dirfa above; Hel. derbi or derui -- audax, im- probus; mod. High Germ, derb -- hard is a different word, answering to A. S. *eorf, and originally meant unleavened (of bread); kindred words are, Engl. dare, daring, Gr. öappeíV] :-- bold, daring, but also in a bad sense, audacious, impudent; d. í orrustum, bold in battle, Edda 16; d. ok dularfullr, impudent and arrogant, Fms. i. 75; at Ólafr digri mundi eigi svá d. vera at..., sofoolishly daring, iv. 107; nú ver eigi síðan svá d., at þú talir ósæmilig orð við Harald, be not so presumptuous as to speak unseeming words to Harold, vii. 168; firna djörf kona ertii ok heimsk, impudent and foolish, xi. 54; djarfastr (boldest) ok bezt hugaðr, Edda 16; víg-djarfr, sókn-djarfr, hug-djarfr, valiant; u-djarfr, s h y.

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