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Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0025, entry 8 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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ARINN s, m., dat. aarni = árni, Fs. 42, Rm. 2, [a word still freq. in Denmark and in Norway; Dan. arne, arnested; Norse aarstad, Ivar Aasen: in Icel. it is very rare], a hearth, Fs. (Vd.) 42; kom maðr um nóttina ok tók glæðr af árni, Sturl. ii. 101; þrjá vissa ek elda (fires), þrjá vissa ek arna (hearth-stones), Gh. 10; mæli malts af arni hverjum, viz. three for each farm (cp. arineldar, Gþl. 376), Hkr. ii. 384, Fms. x. 398, v. 101. 2. as a law term, used in the phrase, fara eldi ok arni, to remove one's homestead, fire and hearth together, Grág. ii. 253, 334 (where iarni is a corrupt reading). Now in Icel. eldstó. 3. metaph. an elevated balcony, pavement, story, scaffold; stafir fjórir stóðu upp ok syllur upp í milli, ok var þar a. á, Fms. viii. 429; í miðju húsinu var a. víðr (raised floor) ... en uppi á arninum var sæng mikil, v. 339, Karl. 190, Stj. 308. . of a ship, a hatchway, Edda (Gl.) COMPDS: arins-horn, n. chimney-piece, chimney-corner; hann á mold at taka sem í lögum er mælt, taka at arinshornum fjórum ok í öndvegis sæti, of an act of conveyance, N. G. L. i. 96, cp. Eb. ch. 4, Landn. 254: arinn is symbolical of the sacredness of home, just as stalli is of a temple, or an altar of a church: the phrase, at drekka at arinshorni, Hkr. i. 43, reminds one of the large chimney-corners in old English farms. arins-járn, n. iron belonging to a hearth, a poker, used in ordeals (járnburðr); karlmaðr skal ganga til arinsjárns en kona til ketiltaks, the man shall betake him to the poker and the woman shall grasp the kettle, N. G. L. i. 389.

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C. METAPH. and in various cases: I. denoting a transforma- tion or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into: a. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40. P. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, ' t o make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one's death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553. II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, 'tis ill to have a thrall for one's bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268. 2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur (dues) from, 'Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj-3. III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at (belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o ..., Grág. ii. 403; lesta (to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key 'gengr at' (fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at..., to grasp by ...; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla (to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother's or the sister's side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following. IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpass- ing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30. 2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja (to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum ...; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.) 3. in arithm. denoting pro portion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third... part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at... leiti, for one's part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly. 4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21. 5. the phrase 'at sér,' of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character ...; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase 'at sér' is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead. 6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr ... at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red ... of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, litill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr ... at aldri, twenty, thirty ... years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum ... kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice..., Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500. . metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently ... (freq.), prop, in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 2O. V. denoting the source of a thing: 1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of

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A. Loc. I. generally on, upon; á gólfi, on the floor, Nj. 2; á hendi, on the hand (of a ring), 48, 225; á palli, 50; á steini, 108; á vegg, 115; á sjá ok á landi, on sea and land. In some instances the distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but in most cases common sense and usage decide; thus 'á bók' merely denotes the letters, the penmanship, 'í' the contents of a book; mod. usage, however, prefers 'í,' lesa í bók, but stafr á bók. Old writers on the other hand; á bókum Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24, but í Aldafars bók, 23 (in the book De Mensurâ Temporum, by Bede), cp. Grág. i. 76, where á is a false reading instead of at; á bréfi, the contents of a letter: of clothing or arms, mítr á höfði, sverð á hlið, mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa lykil á sér, on one's person, 655 xxvii. 22; möttull á tyglum, a mantle hanging on (i.e. fastened by) laces, Fms. vii. 201: á þingi means to be present at a meeting; í þingi, to abide within a jurisdiction; á himni, á jörðu, on (Engl. in) heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord's Prayer, but í helviti, in hell; á Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); á báti, á skipi denote crew and cargo, ' í' the timber or materials of which a ship is built, Eg. 385; vera í stafni á skipi, 177: á skógi, to be abroad in a wood (of a hunter, robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timber), í skógi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. 1, Glúm. 330, Landn. 173; á mörkinni, Fms. i. 8, but í mörk, of a farm; á firðinum means lying in a firth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), þær eyjar liggja á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, living in a district named Firth; á landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386. II. á is commonly used in connection with the pr. names or countries terminating in 'land,' Engl. in, á Englandi, Írlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Vínlandi, Grænalandi, Íslandi, Hálogalandi, Rogalandi, Jótlandi, Frakklandi, Hjaltlandi, Jamtalandi, Hvítramannalandi, Norðrlöndum, etc., vide Landn. and the index to Fms. xii. In old writers í is here very rare, in modern authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide. An Icelander would now say, speaking of the queen or king, 'á Eng- landi,' ruling over, but to live 'í Englandi,' or 'á Englandi;' the rule in the last case not being quite fixed. 2. in connection with other names of countries: á Mæri, Vörs, Ögðum, Fjölum, all districts of Norway, v. Landn.; á Mýrum (in Icel.), á Finnmörk, Landn., á Fjóni (a Danish island); but í Danmörk, Svíþjóð (á Svíþjóðu is poët., Gs. 13). 3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and spaces (not too high, because then 'at' must be used), such as 'staðr, völlr, ból, hjalli, bakki, heimr, eyri,' etc.; á Veggjum, Landn. 69; á Hólmlátri, id.: those ending in '-staðr, ' á Geirmundarstöðum, Þórisstöðum, Jarðlangsstöðum..., Landn.: '-völlr,' á Möðruvöllum: á Fitjum (the farm) í Storð (the island), í Fenhring (the island) á Aski (the farm), Landn., Eg.: '-nes' sometimes takes á, sometimes í (in mod. usage always 'í'), á Nesi, Eb. 14, or í Krossnesi, 30; in the last case the notion of island, GREEK, prevails: so also, 'fjörðr,' as, þeir börðust á Vigrafirði (of a fight o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta í Hafrsfirði, 122: with '-bær,' á is used in the sense of a farm or estate, hón sa á e-m bæ mikit hús ok fagrt, Edda 22; 'í bæ' means within doors, of the buildings: with 'Bær' as pr. name Landn. uses 'í,' 71, 160, 257, 309, 332. 4. denoting on or just above; of the sun, when the time is fixed by regarding

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C. Metaph. and in various relations: I. somewhat metaphorically, denoting an act only (not the place); fara á fund, á vit e-s, to call for one, Eg. 140; koma á ræðu við e-n, to come to a parley with, to speak, 173; ganga á tal, Nj. 103; skora á hólm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma á grið, to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grág. i. 151; fara á veiðar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8. . generally denoting on, upon, in, to; bjóða vöxtu á féit, to offer interest on the money, Grág. i. 198; ganga á berhögg, to come to blows, v. berhögg; fá á e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79; ganga á vápn e-s, to throw oneself on an enemy's weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; ganga á lagið, to press on up the spear-shaft after it has passed through one so as to get near one's foe, i.e. to avail oneself of the last chance; bera fé á e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera öl á e-n, to make drunk, Fas. i. 13; snúinn á e-t, inclined to, Fms. x. 142; sammælast á e-t, to agree upon, Nj. 86; sættast, verða sáttr á e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb. 288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga á mála, to serve for pay as a soldier, Nj. 121; ganga á vald e-s, to put oneself in his power, 267; ganga á sætt, to break an agreement; vega á veittar trygðir, to break truce, Grág. ii. 169. II. denoting in regard to, in respect to: 1. of colour, complexion, the hue of the hair, or the like; hvítr, jarpr, dökkr ... á hár, having white, brown, or dark ... hair, Ísl. ii. 190, Nj. 39; svartr á brún ok brá, dark of brow and eyebrow; dökkr á hörund, id., etc. 2. denoting skill, dexterity; hagr á tré, a good carpenter; hagr á járn, málm, smíðar ..., an expert worker in iron, metals ..., Eg. 4; fimr á boga, good at the bow: also used of mastership in science or arts, meistari á hörpuslátt, a master in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 220; fræðimaðr á kvæði, knowing many poems by heart, Fms. vi. 391; fræðimaðr á landnámssögur ok forna fræði, a learned scholar in histories and antiquities (of Are Frode), Ísl. ii. 189; mikill á íþrótt, skilful in an art, Edda (pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase, kunna (vel) á skíðum, to be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 120. 3. denoting dimensions; á hæð, lengd, breidd, dýpt ..., in the heighth, length, breadth, depth ..., Eg. 277; á hvern veg, on each side, Edda 41 (square miles); á annan veg, on the one side, Grág. i. 89. . the phrase, á sik, in regard to oneself, vel (illa) á sik kominn, of a fine (ugly) appearance, Ld. 100, Fas. iii. 74. III. denoting instrumentality; bjargast á sínar hendr, to live on the work of one's own hands, (á sínar spýtur is a mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) á skálir, pundara, to weigh in scales, Grág. ii. 370; at hann hefði tvá pundara, ok hefði á hinn meira keypt en á hinn minna selt, of a man using two scales, a big one for buying and a little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; á sinn kostnað, at one's own expense; nefna e-n á nafn, by name, Grág. i. 17, etc. The Icel. also say, spinna á rokk, snældu, to spin on or with a rock or distaff; mala á kvern, to grind in a 'querne,' where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical instruments, syngja, leika á hljóðfæri, hörpu, gígju ...; in the old usage, leika hörpu ..., Stj. 458. IV. denoting the manner or way of doing: 1. á þessa lund, in this wise, Grág. ii. 22; á marga vega, á alla, ymsa vega, in many, all, respects, Fms. i. 114; á sitt hóf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. mutatis mutandis; á Þýðersku, after German fashion, Sks. 288. 2. esp. of language; mæla, rita á e-a tungu, to speak, write in a tongue; á Írsku, in Irish, Ld. 76; Norrænu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Danish, i.e. Scandinavian, Norse, or Icelandic, Grág. i. 18; á Vára tungu, i.e. in Icelandic, 181; rita á Norræna tungu, to write in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59 :-- at present, dat. is sometimes used. 3. in some phrases the acc. is used instead of the dat.; hann sýndi á sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann lét ekki á sik finna, he shewed no sign of motion, Nj. 111; skaltú önga fáleika á þik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14. V. used in a distributive sense; skal mörk kaupa gæzlu á kú, eðr oxa fim vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow, Grág. i. 147; alin á hvert hross, 442; á mann, per man (now freq.): cp. also á dag above, lit. B. VI. connected with nouns, 1. prepositional; á hendr (with dat.), against; á hæla, at heel, close behind; á bak, at back, i.e. past, after; á vit (with gen.), towards. 2. adverbially; á braut, away, abroad; á víxl, in turns; á mis, amiss; á víð ok dreif, a-wide and a-drift, i.e. dispersedly. 3. used almost redundantly before the following prep.; á eptir, after, behind; á undan, in front of; á meðal, á milli, among; á mót, against; á við, about, alike; á frá (cp. Swed. ifrån), from (rare); á fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1; á hjá, beside (rare); á fram, a-head, forwards; á samt, together; ávalt = of allt, always: following a prep., upp á, upon; niðr á, down upon; ofan á, eptir á, post eventum, (temp.) á eptir is loc., id., etc. VII. connected with many transitive verbs, answering to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many cases periphrastically for an objective case. The prep. generally follows after the verb, instead of being prefixed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. on, to; heita kalla, hrópa á, to call on; heyra, hlusta, hlyða á, to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa á, to think on; minna á, to remind; sjá, líta, horfa, stara, mæna, glápa, koma auga ... á, to look on; girnast á, to wish for; trúa á, to believe on; skora á, to call on any one to come out, challenge; kæra á, to accuse; heilsa á, to greet; herja, ganga, ríða, hlaupa, ráða ... á, to fall on, attack, cp. ágangr, áreið, áhlaup; ljúga á, to tell lies of, to slander; telja á, to carp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verpa ... á, to pour, throw on; ríða, bera, dreifa á, to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta á, to fall short of; ala á, to plead, beg; leggja á, to throw a spell on, lay a saddle on; hætta á, to venture on; gizka á, to guess at; kveða á, to fix on, etc.: in a reciprocal sense, haldast á, of mutual strife; sendast á, to exchange presents; skrifast á, to correspond (mod.); kallast á, to shout mutually; standast á, to coincide, so as to be just opposite one another, etc.

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ÁÐAN, adv. [cp. Ulf. apn = ivtavrós, Gal. iv. 10, and atapni, id.], a little before, a little while ago, erewhile; Kolr for frá seli á., Nj. 55; á. er vit skildum, Lv. 34; slíkt sem á. talða ek, a s 7 said just above (of the Speaker reading the law in the lögrétta), Grág. i. 49, ii. 242; nu a., just now, 656 G. 39.

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ÁTT and ætt, f., pl. áttir and ættir [Germ. acht = Lat. ager, praedium, a rare and obsolete word in Germ.], plaga caeli, quarter; just as quarter refers to the number four, so átt seems to refer to eight: átt properly means that part of the horizon which subtends an arc traversed by the sun in the course of three hours; thus defined, -- meðan sól veltist urn átta ættir, Sks. 54; ok þat eru þá þrjár stundir dags er sól veltist um eina sett, id.; the names of the eight áttir are, útnorðr á., north-west; norðr á., north; landnorðr á., north-east; austr a., east; landsuðr á., south-east; suðr á., south; útsuðr á., south-west; vestr á., west; four of which (the compounds) are subdivisions; átt is therefore freq. used of the four only, Loki görði þar hús ok fjórar dyrr, at hann mátti sjá ór húsinu í allar áttir, ... to all (i. e. four) sides, Edda 39: or it is used generally, from all sides, þá drífr snær ór öllum áttum, Edda 40; drífa þeir til ór öllum áttum (= hvað- anæva), Hkr. i. 33; norðrætt, Edda 4, 23; hence a mod. verb átta, að; á. sik, to find the true quarter, to set oneself right, cp. Fr. s'orienter. COMPDS: átta-skipan, f. a division of the átt, Sks. 37. átta-skipti, n. id. átta-viltr, adj. bewildered.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0049, entry 4 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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the Scandinavian and Saxon-Teutonic form of a Greek-Latin root word is to be sought for under the next letter following the course of the sun; thus the Greek-Latin f () answers to Icel. and Teutonic b; the Greek-Latin b (), on the other hand, to Teutonic p. Few letters present so many connections, as our b (initial) does to the Greek-Latin f, either in whole families or single words; some of the instances are dubious, many clear: GREEK, cp. Icel. balkr; GREEK, Lat. far, cp. barr; GREEK, GREEK, Lat. frare, cp. bora; GREEK, cp. barki; GREEK, GREEK, cp. bifa; GREEK, GREEK, Lat. fro, cp. bera, borinn; GREEK, cp. byrðr; GREEK, GREEK, Lat. fgio, cp. beygja, boginn, bugr; GREEK, Lat. fgus, cp. bók, beyki; GREEK, GREEK, Lat. fulgere, fulgur, cp. blik, blika; GREEK, Lat. flre, cp. blása, bólginn, Lat. follis, cp. belgr; GREEK, Lat. fls, cp. blóm; GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, cp. bani, ben; GREEK, cp. barmr; GREEK, GREEK, cp. borg, byrgja; GREEK, GREEK, cp. birta; GREEK, Lat. frter, cp. bróðir; GREEK, cp. brunnr; GREEK, cp. brattr (brant), brandr; GREEK, cp. brá; GREEK, GREEK, cp. brúk; GREEK, Lat. fo, fi, cp. búa, bjó, Engl. to be, and the particle be- (v. Grimm s.v. be- and bauen); GREEK, Lat. flium, cp. blað; GREEK, Lat. fcus, cp. baka: moreover the Lat. fcio, -fcio, cp. byggja; fastigium, cp. bust; favilla, cp. bál; frio, cp. berja; frox, frus, cp. ber-, björn; fervere, cp. brenna; fdus, foedus, cp. binda; findo, fdi, cp. bíta, beit; flgellum, cp. blaka; flectere, cp. bregða; fluctus, cp. bylgja; fdio, cp. bauta, Engl. to beat; fundus, cp. botn; fors, forte, cp. 'burðr' in 'at burðr;' frango, frgi, frgor, cp. breki, brak, brjóta; fraus (fraudis), cp. brjóta, braut; frges, fructus, cp. björk; fulcio, cp. búlki; frmo, cp. brim; frenum, cp. beisl, Engl. bridle; frons (frondis), cp. brum; -- even frons (frontis) might be compared to Icel. brandr and brattr, cp. such phrases as frontati lapides; -- ftum, fma, cp. boð, boða, etc. The Greek GREEK, GREEK might also be identical to our bl- in blíðr. The change is irregular in words such as Lat. pangere, Icel. banga; petere = biðja; parcere = bjarga; porcus = börgr; GREEK, cp. bekkr; probably owing to some link being lost. . in words imported either from Greek or Roman idioms the f sometimes remains unchanged; as the Byz. Greek GREEK is fengari, Edda (Gl.); sometimes the common rule is reversed, and the Latin or Greek p becomes b, as episcopus = biskup; leopardus = hlébarðr, Old Engl. libbard; ampulla = bolli; cp. also Germ. platz = Icel. blettr; again, plank is in the west of Icel. sounded blanki: on the other hand, Latin words such as bracca, burgus are probably of Teutonic or Celtic origin. . the old High German carried this interchange of consonants still farther; but in modern High German this interchange remains only in the series of dental mutes: in the b and g series of mutes only a few words remain, as Germ. pracht (qs. bracht), cp. Engl. bright; Germ. pfand, cp. Engl. bond; otherwise the modern Germans (High and Low) have, just as the English have, their braut, bruder, brod, and butter, not as in old times, prût, etc.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0049, entry 7 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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BAÐ, n. [in Goth. probably baþ, but the word is not preserved; A. S. bäð, pl. baðo; Engl. bath; Germ. bad; cp. also Lat. balneum, qs. badneum (?); Grimm even suggests a kinship to the Gr. GREEK] :-- bath, bathing. In Icel. the word is not very freq., and sounds even now somewhat foreign; laug, lauga, q.v., being the familiar Icel. words; thus in the N. T. Titus iii. 5. is rendered by endrgetningar laug; local names referring to public bathing at hot springs always bear the name of laug, never bað, e.g. Laugar, Laugarnes, Laugardalr, Laugarvatn, etc. The time of bathing, as borne out by many passages in the Sturl. and Bs., was after supper, just before going to bed; a special room, baðstofa (bathroom), is freq. mentioned as belonging to Icel. farms of that time. Bathing in the morning seems not to have been usual; even the passages Sturl. ii. 121, 125 may refer to late hours. This custom seems peculiar and repugnant to the simple sanitary rules commonly observed by people of antiquity. It is, however, to be borne in mind that the chief substantial meal of the ancient Scandinavians was in the forenoon, dagverðr; náttverðr (supper) was light, and is rarely mentioned. Besides the word bað for the late bath in the Sturl. and Bs., baðstofa is the bathroom; síð um kveldit, í þann tíma er þeir Þórðr ok Einarr ætluðu at ganga til baðs, Sturl. iii. 42; um kveldit er hann var genginn til svefns, ok þeir til baðs er þat líkaði, ii. 117, 246, iii. 111; þat var síð um kveldit ok vóru menn mettir (after supper) en Ormr bóndi var til baðs farinn, ok var út at ganga til baðstofunnar, Bs. i. 536; eptir máltíðina (supper) um kveldit reikaði biskupinn um baðferðir (during bathing time) um gólf, ok síðan for hann í sæng sína, 849; hence the phrase, skaltú hafa mjúkt bað fyrir mjúka rekkju, a good bathing before going to bed, of one to be burnt alive, Eg. 239. In Norway bathing in the forenoon is mentioned; laugardags morguninn vildu liðsmenn ráða í bæinn, en konungr vildi enn at þeir biði þar til er flestir væri í baðstofum, Fms. viii. 176; snemma annan dag vikunnar ..., and a little below, eptir þat tóku þeir bað, vii. 34, iii. 171; þá gengr Þéttleifr til baðstofu, kembir sér ok þvær, eptir þat skœðir hanu sik, ok vápnar, Þiðr. 129, v.l.; Icel. hann kom þar fyrir dag (before daybreak), var Þórðr þá í baðstofu, Sturl. ii. 121, 125; vide Eb. 134, Stj. 272. COMPDS: bað-ferð, f. time for bathing, Bs. i. 849. bað-hús, n. a bathing-house, G. H. M. ii. 128 (false reading), vide Fs. 149, 183. bað-kápa, u, f. a bathing-cloak, Sturl. ii. 117. bað-kona, u, f. a female bathing attendant, N. G. L. iii. 15. bað-stofa, u, f. (v. above), a bath-room, Eb. l.c., Bs. i. l.c., Þiðr. l.c., Fms. viii. l.c., Sturl. ii. 121, 167, iii. 25, 102, 176, 198. baðstofu-gluggr, m. a window in a b., Eb. l.c., Sturl. l.c. In Icel. the bathing-room (baðstofa) used to be in the rear of the houses, cp. Sturl. ii. 198. The modern sense of baðstofa is sitting-room, probably from its being in modern dwellings placed where the old bathing-room used to be. The etymology of Jon Olafsson (Icel. Dict. MS.), baðstofa = bakstofa, is bad. In old writers baðstofa never occurs in this modern sense, but it is used so in the Dropl. Saga Major :-- a closet, room, in writers of the 16th century, Bs. ii. 244, 256, 504, Safn. 77, 92, 95, 96.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0051, entry 18 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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ban-orð, n. = banaorð, Fms. x. 400, Bret. 76. ban-væni, f., medic, prognosis mortis, Fcl. ix. ban-vænligr, adj. mortal, deadly, Bret. 56, Edda 154. ban-vænn, adj. deadly, Eg. 34. 2. medic, deadly sick, just before death; ok er dró at því at hann (the sick) var b., when all hope of life was gone, Eg. 126, Fms. i. 86; snerist um allt sárit svá at Grettir görðist b., Grett. 153.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0056, entry 7 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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BEINN, adj., compar. beinni, superl. beinstr or beinastr. I. Gr. öpøos, Lat. rectits, opp. to wry or curved, in a straight line; b. rás, a straight course, Sks. 217; beinstr vegr, the straigbtest, shortest way, Fms. ix. 361, Bs. ii. 132 (very freq.): ueut. beint, beinast, used as adv. straight; sem beinst á þá, Eg. 386; svá beint, straight on, 742: just, þat kom mér beint (just) i hug, Fms. vi. 213, 369, 371; b. sextigi skipa, precisely sixty ships, xi. 114; mi beint, just now, iv. 327; var hann þá beint í undlati, just breathed his last, vi. 230. 2. metaph. hospitable; Dagstyggr tok við honum forkunnar vel, ok var við hana hinn beinasti, Sturl. ii. 125; varla náðu þeir at stíga af baki, svá var bóndi beinn við þá, Ísl. ii. 155; Björn var allbeinn við hann um kveldit, Fms. ii. 84; var kerling hin beinasta í öllu, Fas. iii. 394: also as epithet of the inn or house, þar er svá beint (suc h hospitality), at varla þykkja þeir hafa komit í beinna stað, ... in a more hospitable botise, i. 77; sváfu af þá nótt, ok vóru þeir í allbcinum stað, Eb. 268. II. [bein, crus] , in compds, berbeinn, bare-legged, Hbl. 6: as a cognom. of king Magnus from the dress of the Highlanders assumed by him, Fms. vii; harðbeinn, hard-legged, cognom., Ld.; mjóbeinn, tape-legged, a nickname, Landn.; Kolbeinn, pr. name, black-legged; hvitbeinn, white-legged, pr. name, Landn., etc.

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