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Source: Bosworth/Toller, page d0759, entry 1
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

be-willan to roll, v. be-wélan. be-windan. Add: Heáfe bewindan to encompass with grief, to grieve about, Gn. Ex. 150. be-witan; I. add :-- Ðú, man, bewite þé sylfne scito, homo, temetipsum, Verc. Först. 128, 16. be-wrencan. v. fægen; 2 c. be-wreón. v. in-b. be-wrítan. Add :-- Gá tó ðre wyrte and bewrít hý ábútan mid ánum gyldenan hringe, Lch. i. 112, 22. be-wuna. Add :-- Hé þæt feoh tó sellanne næfde his here swá hié bewuna wron, Ors. 3, 7; S. 116, 15. biccen. v. byccen. biddan; II a 2. add :-- Hé bæd þone hálgan wer sumne dl eles, Hml. Th. ii. 178, 16. bidung. v. an-(on-)b. bifigendlic tremendous :-- An þám byfgendlican (tremendo) dæge, Chrd. 93, 27. bígan. v. under-b. -bígan. v. ge-b. -bíge. v. tó-b. -bígende. v. tó-b. bí-genga. v. eorþ-, feoh-, ród-b. bí-genged. v. heofon-b. bí-gengness. v. eorþ-b. big-spæc. v. bí-swæc. bilding. v. forþ-b. bile-wit. v. un-b. bindan. (4 a) add :-- Ne binde þé seó racetæáh, Gr. D. 214, 11. v. searu-bunden. binnan. v. þr-b. -birdling. v. frum-b. -birg. v. ge-b. birnan. v. sin-, un-birnende; þurh-burnen. bisceop. Add :-- Biscobi (-e) pontifice, Jn. L. 18, 22: 24. v. efen-, fore-, heáfod-, heáh-b. bisceopung. Add :-- Bútan bisceopunge absque confirmatione, Chrd. 50, 5. bisceop-weorod a bishop's band :-- Mid ealle his biscopweorode (campwerede, v. l.), Bd. 3, 24; Sch. 309, 11. bisceop-wyrt. v. feld-b. bisen. v. gelíc-b. bisenian. I. add: to give an example in respect to :-- Heó him bysnode mid gódre gedrohtnunge tó Godes þeówdóme, Hml. S. 2, 125: Ælfc. Gen. Thw. 2, 28. v. mis-b. bisgian. v. fore-b. bisgung. v. mód-b. bismerian. Add: with dat. :-- He arn ... bysmrigende þæs drýes yfelddum, Hml. Th. ii. 414, 26. bisnere. v. ge-b. bí-swæc, -swec treachery :-- Bygswæc (-swec, v. l., bygspæc, Ps. Spl.) supplantationem, Ps. Rdr. 40, 10. v. be-swic. bítan. v. ge-b.; hunger-biten. bite. v. hæfern-, sweord-b. bítel. v. sleg-b. biter; II. add :-- Seó ehtnys bið ealra biterost, Hml. Th. ii. 542, 28. blác. Add :-- Andwlitu geolwe blác ... reáde wan, Lch. ii. 348, 16-19. blácern-leoht lamplight :-- Þæs blácernes leóht næs gesýne ... hé geseh eft blácernleóht, Vis. Lfc. 54-59. blc; II. add :-- Bléc, Txts. 44, 139. blæc-horn. Add :-- Blæchorn atramentarium, Archiv cxix. 185. blæd, v. eár-, leác-b. blæstm, es; m. Blast :-- Þra líga blæstm, Verc. Först. 74, 7. blandan. v. ge-b.; un-blanden; blendan. bláwan. I. add: I a. of a place, to have wind blowing in it :-- Seó dene wæs weallende mid lígum on ánre sídan, on óðre sídan mid hagole bláwende búton tóforltennysse, Hml. Th. ii. 350, 9. II 3. add :-- Bytte bláwan fulle windes. Hml. S. 34, 317. v. geond-, in-b.; lígfám-bláwende. bláwende blustering, with high winds :-- Bláwende lencten, Archiv cxx. 298, 19. bláwere. v. horn-b. blec ... blæce. l. bléc, bléce. v. blc, blce. blendan to mix, v. ge-b. -bleód. v. ge-b. bleoh. In ll. 2, 3 for bleoge efenlce. l. bleó geefenlce, and add: v. gold-b. blere, blerig. Add: [Cf. O. H. Ger. blas ros qui albam frontem habeat: Icel. blesi a blaze, white star on a horse's forehead: M. H. Ger. blas bald, v. N. E. D. blaze.] blerian. v. á-blered. bletsian. Add: I a . to pronounce the benediction in a religious service :-- Hé hæfeð nú gemæssod, and bletsað nú þis folc, Vis. Lfc. 17. Þonne gé bletsiað on Israhéla folc, Num. 6, 23. bletsung. v. fant-, ge-b. blician. Add :-- Martira bliciend(e) (candidatus) werod, Angl. ii. 357, 12. blindan. v. for-, ge-b. blindian. v. of-b. blinnan. v. of-b. blinnedness. v. á-b. blissian. Add: III. with prep. :-- Hí for hire hle blyssodon, Hml. S. 7, 281. v. efen-b. blíþe. v. efen-, gemynd-b. blíþian. v. ge-b. blod-lte, an; f. Blood-letting, bleeding :-- Æt blódltan, Lch. ii. 16, 8. blostm. Add :-- Lilian blóstm oþþe rosan brð, Hml. S. 34, 104. blótan. Add :-- hié sceolden mid monnum for hié heora godum blótan, Ors. 4, 7; S. 184, 5. blówan. Add :-- Bloewð, Ps. Vos. 91, 13. bóc beech. Add: beech-mast (?) :-- Gif ne byð ne æceren ne bóc ne oðer mæsten si glandes uel fagina non sint, Chrd. 15, 10. bóc a book. Add: dat. bóce, R. Ben. 67, 9. I a 2. add: a title-deed :-- Se cyng gebécte ðæt land Æðelstáne ... Ecgferð gebohte bóc and land æt Æðelstáne, Cht. E. 202, 25. Se cing hét þone arcebisceop bóc settan and Æðelstáne bóc and land betécan, C. D. iv. 234, 23. II. add :-- Ðás hálgan beoc, Txts. 175, 7, 16. v. cneóres-, cwid-, færeld-, freóls-, frófor-, geán-, hálgung-, heáls-, lce-, lár-, mynster-, nam-, síþ-, sumer-b. bócung. For 'Dele' substitute: Conveyance by charter or deed :-- Ic geaf ... ðonæ hagan ... tó ðre ilcan bócunga ðæ ðæt land gæbócod is, C. D. v. 257, 12. boda. v. fore-, gebyrd-b. bodere. v. fore-b. bodian. v. á-, fr-b. bodig. v. foran-b. bodung. v. lár-b. bogiht. l. bogiht(e). bold. I. add :-- Se biseeop sceal habban þá preóstas on his ágenum bo[l]de (domo), Chrd. 44, 35. v. ealdor-b. -bor. v. for-b. bora. v. leóht-, witum-b. bord. v. steor-b.; útan-bordes. bore. v. loc-b. boren; adj. (ptcpl.) Of (such and such) birth :-- Sý swá boren swá hé sý whatever his birth be, Ll. Th. i. 248, 4. Gif borenran (æþel-, bett-b., v. ll.) þis gelimpe, 70, 1. v. æþel-, bet-, betst-, wel-b. borg-steall a borstal, 'any seat on the side or pitch of a hill,' Hall. Dict., a steep path up a hill. Take here passage given at burg-steall :-- In loco qui dicitur æt Borstealle, C. D. iii. 209, 5. In loco qui dicitur Gealtborgsteal (cf. Icel. göltr a hog), C. D. B. i. 365, 4. [v. N. E. D.; D. D.; Dictionary of Kentish Dialect (E. Dial. Soc.); Midd. Flur.] borh. Add: I a. what is given as security :-- Fó tó þam borge sé þe þæs weddes waldend sý, Ll. Th. i. 254, 21. II. add: of a body of persons :-- Hér swutelað seó gewitnes and se borh þe þr æt wron (here follows a list of names), C. D. iv. 235, 19. v. god-borh. borh-fæstan. v. ge-b. borian. Add :-- Borgenti terebrantes, Txts. 111, 14. bót. v. dolg-, fhþ-, feoh-, hlóþ-, sár-b. bótian. v. ge-b. botl. In l. 7 for '433' l. 443. v. ge-b. box. v. gewyrt-, sealf-b. bracu. v. fearn-bracu. brád. II 1. add :-- Hring on heofonum brdre þonne sunne, Ors. 5, 10; S. 234, 9. v. efen-b. brád the full breadth of the hand :-- Swá mycel swá gód hande brád, Vis. Lfc. 73. [v. N. E. D. broad; B. 2.] brádian. v. ge-b. brádlinga. Cf. ecglinga. brd. v. hrycg-b. bræd-ísen (brd- ?). If bræd = bred (q. v.), the vowel is short, but if it may be compared with Icel. bragð in bragð-alr the vowel is long. -brdness. v. leoht-b. brægd. v. nearu-b. brægden. v. ge-, leás-b. brægdenlíce. v. ge-b. brw. v. eág-b. breáþ. Add: v. bríþel. breca. v. hád-b. brecan; I 1 . of ground, to make uneven, to intersect with ravines :-- Tó brocenan beorge; of brocenan beorge, C. D. B. ii. 245, 34. v. ful-b.; healf-brocen. bred. v. fót-b. bredende. v. leás-bregdende. bregd. v. ge-b. bregdness. v. ge-, leás-b. brégend-lic terrible, Ps. Rdr. 46, 3. brego. Add :-- Gode ic hæbbe ábolgen brego moncynnes, Hy. 4, 78. bréman. Add :-- Þæs bisceopes gebod bréman uoluntatem episcopi implere, Chrd. 18, 35. brémel-hyrne a corner where there are brambles (?) :-- On ðá brémbælhyrnan (-þyrnan?); of ðræ hyrnan, C. D. v. 112, 30; 291, 20. brengness. v. ge-b. Breoten-ríce. Add :-- Breotanríces fægran íglandes cyncg, Nap. 11. breóþan. Add :-- Bruðun (tabuerant) ealle eardigende, Ps. Rdr. 282, 15. [N. E. D. brethe.] Bret a Briton :-- Ne wearð án Bret (Brit, v. l.) tó láfe, Chr. 491; P. 14, 17. bréþel. v. bríþel. brim. (For El. 972 v. fæþm(i)an.) Add :-- Tó brimes faroðe, B. 28. brim-ceald. l. (?) brym-ceald. Cf. Cealda brymmas, Chr. 1065; P. 193, 35. brim-faroþ?. v. faroþ; I. bringan. Add :-- Briengan, Past. 369, 17: 403, 27. -bringelle. v. on-b. -brítedness. v. for-b. bríþel fragile, weak, perishable :-- Eall hé weornige swá sýre (? syer, MS.) wudu weornie, swa bréðel seó (þeo, MS.) swá þystel, Lch. i. 384, 14. [v. N. E. D. brethel a worthless fellow.] v. breáþ, breóþan. bríwan to prepare a poultice :-- Genim línsd, gegrind, bríwe wið þám elmes drænce; bið gód sealf foredum lime, Lch. ii. 66, 25. broc. v. ge-b. bróc. v. mr-, mearc-b. -brocenlic. v. tó-b. -brocian. v. wiþer-b. bróga. v. helle-wíte-, s-b. broht ? v. broþ. brómig. v. blóstmig. brord. II. add :-- Swylce dropan ofer brod (super gramina), Ps. L. 243, 2. brosniendlic. v. ge-b. broanodlíce. v. un-b. bróþor; I. add :-- Twégra bróþor (bróþera, v. l.) sunu and dohtor, Bd. 1, 27; Sch. 69, 2. v. fóster-b. bróþor-scipe. v. ge-b. brúcan. [For translation of Wand. 44 in Dict. substitute: he ruled a liberal lord. v. III. in Supplement.] bryce. Add :-- Hý him bryce heóldon (v. healdan; XI (4)) they did him service, Gú. 701. v. weorold-bryce. brycg. Add :-- Tó ðre stnenan brycge, C. D. iii. 449, 23. v. eorþ-b. brycg-geweorc. Add :-- Uiatici fundatione (restauratione, 74, 16) pontis, C. D. iv. 65, 34. brycgian. [O. H. Ger. bruccón.] brygd. v. gearo-b. brym-ceald. v. brim-ceald. bryne. v. fýr-, hús-, mann-b. brýtofta. Cf. ge-þofta. brytsen. v. ge-b. brytta. v. fódder-, hláf-, sinc-b. búan; pp. (ge-)bogen. II. add :-- Ánseld búgan, Gú. 1214. v. geár-gemearc; gein-, in-búan. bucca. v. gát-b. búend. Add :-- Þá búendan (inhabitatores) þæs landes, Ps. L. 242, 2: 3. búend; f. v. land-b. bufan. v. þr-b. búgan. v. ofer-b.; wóh-bogen. búgendlic. v. for-b. bugol. v. ge-b. bulluc. Add :-- Tó bulluces sole, C. D. B. ii. 245, 30. bundenness. v. ge-b. búness. v. ge-, land-b. burg. v. eorþ-, friþ-, in-, líc-b. burg-bót. This part of the trimoda necessitas is variously rendered in the Latin charters, e.g. arx; arx construenda, arcis (arcium) confectio, constructio, necessaria defensio contra hostes, edificatio, exercitium, instructio, iuuamen, munimen, munimentum, munitio, recuperatio, renouatio, restauratio, subsidium; urbium reparatio, iugis assolidatio; murorum reparatio; munitionis castellique auxilium; fossa aduersum inimicos facienda. v. fird and brycg-geweorc for references, and weall-geweorc. burg-geat; I. add :-- Gif ceorl geþeáh hé hæfde ... bellhús and burhgeat


Source: Bosworth/Toller, page d0764, entry 38
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

foran-lencten the early part of Lent, early spring :-- Blód bið gód tó ltenne on foranlenctene, Lch. ii. 256, 1.


Source: Bosworth/Toller, page d0768, entry 8
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

hmed-dream. The form hmedrím, which is that of the MS., is a compound of which the second part I cannot explain.


Source: Bright's OE Grammar, page b0266, entry 22
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

dl m division, portion, part

be nigum dle to any extent be þm dle to that extent


Source: Bright's OE Grammar, page b0285, entry 25
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

from (fram) prep (w dat instr); adv 1 from (origin, departure, separation, release, distance) 2 by, on the part of (agency) 3 adv from, away


Source: Bright's OE Grammar, page b0312, entry 11
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

healf f half, part, side

on heora healfe on their own part only on healfa gehwm on every side


Source: Bright's OE Grammar, page b0355, entry 33
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

sum pron adj some, certain, some one, certain one (w gen)

sum ... sum a part ... the rest sumes adv somewhat sumum ... sumum sume dæge one day sum hund about a hundred syxa sum one of six (with five others)


Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0001, entry 1
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

A. is the first letter in all the alphabets of Phenician extraction. The Runic alphabet, being confused and arbitrary, makes the sole exception to this rule. A. PRONUNCIATION: it is either simple (a) or diphthongal (á). The simple a is pronounced long or short; when long it is sounded like the long Italian a as in padre, or as in Engl. father; when short, like the short Italian a as in cambio, or as in Engl. marry. The á -- though in grammars commonly called a long vowel -- is phonetically diphthongal (a + u), and sounds like Engl. ou or ow: Engl. thou and Icel. þá, now and ná, have almost the same sound. Again a and á have, like all other vowels, diph- thongs or simple, a deep, full chest-sound if followed by a single consonant, or by more than one weak consonant (a liquid followed by a media). They sound short if followed by two or more strong consonants (a double mute or liquid): thus the a and á sound long in tál, sermo; sát, sedebat; mán, mancipium; tál, dolus; ár, remits; sát, sessio, hátr, odium; hárðr, durus; káldr, frigidus; vándr, difficilis; támdr, domitus, etc. But short in hátt, pileum; hátt, modum; mánn, bominem; bánn, interdictum; háll, lubricus; kált, frigidum; rámt, acidum; hárt, durum; vánt, assuetum, etc.; the consonants shortening the sound of the preceding vowel. The a is also short in all endings, verbal or nominal, tala, talar, talaða, dixi; talast, dicitur; vaka, vigilia; fagran, pulchrum, etc. Etymologically a distinction must be made between the primitive á, as in sátu (sedebant), átu (edebant), gátu (poterant), and the á produced by suppressing consonants; either nasals, as in á, ást, áss, báss, gás, = an, anst, ans, bans, gans; or gutturals, h, g, k, as in á (aqua), sá (videbat), lá (jacebat), má (debet), nátt (nox), dráttr (tractus), and a great many others; or labials, v, f, as in á = af, áir = afr, hár but háfan; or dentals, as in nál (acus) [Goth. nepla, Engl. needle], vál (ambitus, mendicitas) [A. S. vädl], etc. In very early times there was no doubt an audible distinction between these two kinds of á, which however is not observed even by the earliest poets, those of the 10th century. The marking of the diphthongal vowels with an acute accent is due to the Icelandic philologist Thorodd (circa 1080-1140), and was probably an imitation of Anglo-Saxon. The circumflex, applied by Jacob Grimm, is unknown to Icel. authors of whatever age. Thorodd, in his treatise on the vowels (Skálda, pp. 160 sqq.), distinguishes between three kinds of vowels, viz. short, long (i. e. diphthongal), and nasal. The long ones he proposes to mark with an acute (); the nasals by a dot above the line (•). The vowels of his alphabet are thirty-six in number. According to his rule we should have to write, af (ex), át (esus), ä (in). No doubt the a was also nasal in the verbs and the weak nouns, komå (= koman), augä (gen.); and also when followed by an n, e. g. vänr (assuefactus). The distinctive marking of the nasals never came into practice, and their proper sound also disappeared; neither is this distinction observed by the poets in their rhymes. The marking of the diphthongal vowels -- either the primitive vowels or those formed by agglutination -- by an acute accent, according to the rule of Thorodd, is indeed used in a very few old Icel. parchment fragments of the 12th century. The only MS. of any considerable length which strictly observes this distinction is the Ann. Reg. Ísl. 2087. 4b. Royal Libr. Copenhagen, written in Icel. at the end of the 13th century. In the great bulk of MSS. both kinds of vowels are treated alike, as in Latin. About the middle of the 14th century the doubling of vowels, especially that of aa () = á, came into use, and was employed through more than three centuries, until about 1770 the Icelanders resumed the spelling of Thorodd, marking diphthongal vowels by an acute accent, but following the rules of modern pronunciation. The diphthong au -- in Norse freq. spelt ou -- has at present in Icel. a peculiar sound, answering to äu or eu in German, and nearly to Engl. oi. The Norse pronunciation is different and perhaps more genuine. B. CHANGES. I. a changes into æ, á into Æ: this change -- a part of a more general transformation, by Grimm termed umlaut, 'vowel-change' -- is common to all the Teutonic idioms, except the Gothic (v. letter E and Æ). II. a changes into ö (), á into : this transformation is peculiar to the Scandinavian branch, esp. the Icelandic idiom, where it is carried on to the fullest extent -- in old Swedish and Danish its use was scanty and limited. It takes place, 1. in monosyllabic nouns with a for their radical vowel, . feminines, öld, periodus; önd, anima; örk, arca; för, iter; höll, aula; hönd, manus; sök, causa, etc. . adjectives in fem. sing, and in neut. pl., öll, tota; fögr, pulchra; hörð, dura; hölt, clauda; sönn, vera; from allr, etc. . in plur. neut., bönd, vincula; börn, GREEK; lönd, terrae; from band, etc. . in singular masculines with a suppressed u in the root, hjörtr, cervus; fjörðr, sinus; björn, ursus; örn, aquila, etc. 2. in dissyllables a radical a, when followed by a final u (-u, -ur, -um, etc.), in Icel. constantly changes into ö, -- öllum, cunctis; mönnum, hominibus; köllum, vocamus; vökum, vigiliis and vigilamus; vökur, vigiliae, etc. Danes and Swedes here retained the a; so did a great part of Norway. The change only prevailed in the west of Norway and the whole of Iceland. Some Norse MSS. therefore con- stantly keep a in those cases, e. g. Cd. Ups. De la Gard. 8 (Ed. C. R. Unger, 1849), which spells allum, cunctis; hafuð, caput; jafur, rex; andverðr, adversus; afund, invidia, etc. (v. Pref. viii.) Other Norse MSS. spell a and ö promiscuously; allum or öllum, kallum or köllum. In Icel. this change prevailed about the year 1000. Even at the end of the loth century we still frequently meet with rhymes such as barð -- jarðu, þang -- langu, etc. 3. a in inflexions, in penultimate syllables, if followed by u, changes into u (or ö); thus keisurum, caesaribus; vitrurum, sapienti- oribus; hörðurum, durioribus; hörðustum, durissimis: pret. pl., sköpuðu, creabant; töluðu, dicebant; orrustu, pugnam. In part. pass. fem. sing, and neut. pl., sköpuð, creata; töluð, dicta; töpuð, perdi/ a. Neut. pl. in words, as sumur, aestates; heruð, pagi. This change is peculiar to Iceland, and is altogether strange to Norse MSS., where we constantly find such forms as ætlaðu, putabant; gnagaðu, mordebant; aukaðu, augebant; skapað, creata; kallað, dicta; skaparum, tapaðum, ágætastum, harðarum, skín- andum; kunnastu, artem, etc. This difference, as it frequently oc- curred at early times, soon gave the Icel. idiom a peculiar and strange sound, -- amarunt would, in Icelandic, be ömurunt. Norse phrases -- as með bænum ok fastu (fostu) hafðu (höfðu) með sér vaxljós, ok dýrkaðu (dýrkuðu) þa hælgu hátíð með fastu (föstu) ok vaktu (vöktu) þar um nóttina með margum (mörgum) aðrum (öðrum) vanfærum mannum (monnum), O. H. L. 87 -- sound uncouth and strange to Icel. ears; and so no doubt did the Icel. vowel transformations to Norse ears. 4. endings in -an, -all, e. g. feminines in -an, as hugsan, ætlan, iðran, frequently change into -un, -- hugsun, ætlun, iðrun, and are now always used so: gamall, vetus, f. gömul; einsamall, solus, f. ein- sömul. In modern Norse, gomol, eismol (Ivar Aasen); atall, atrox; ötull, strenuus; svikall, perfidus, and svikull; þrifnaðr, mundities, and þrifnuðr, etc. 5. in the cases correlative to II. 1, 2, the á in its turn changes into a vowel, by Thorodd marked ; this vowel change seems to have been settled about the beginning of the 11th century, and prevailed in Iceland during the 12th, being constantly employed in MSS. of that time; about the end of that century, however, and the beginning of the next, it fell off, and at last became extinct. Its phonetical value, therefore, cannot now be precisely stated: it no doubt had an interme- diate sound between á and ó, such as ö (oo) has between a and o. Thorodd proposed to mark the short 'umlaut' ö by ; and the vowel change of á by (in the MSS. however commonly written ). INSTANCES: fcm., , amnis; st, amor; l, funis; r, remits; lg, lignum; skr, libel- lus; stt, pax; sl, anima; nl, acus; vn, spes: masc., httr, modus; þrðr, fîlum; þttr, funis; mttr, vis; ss, deus; rr, nuntius: neut. pl., sr, vulnera; tr, GREEK; ml, dicta; rð, consilia; vr, vera: adj. fem, and neut., koát, læta; f, pauca; sm, parva; h, alta; fm, paucis; hm, altis: verbs, s, videbant (but sá, videbat); gtu, capie- bant; tu, edebant (but at, edebat), etc.: v. Frump. 26-28: e. g. sár (vulnus) veitti maðr mer eitt (unum), sr mörg (multa vulnera) veitta ek hánum, Skálda (Thorodd), 162; l (= öl, cerevisia) er drykkr, l er band (vinculum), id. 163; tungan er málinu vn (= vön, assuefacta), en at tönnunum er bitsins vn (morsils exspectatio), id.: frequently in the Grágás, lýsa sár sitt (vulnus) eðr sr (vulnera) ef fleiri eru, Kb. i. 151; sr en minni (vulnera leviora), 170; en meire sr (graviora), 174; síðan es sr eða ben voru lýst, 175; engi sr (nulla vulnera), sr, and rð, 176, 177; ml, ii. 51; vr, 158,


Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0002, entry 3
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-A or -AT or -T, a negative suffix to verbs, peculiar to Iceland and a part, at least, of Norway. Occurs frequently in old Icelandic poetry and laws, so as almost to form a complete negative voice. In the 1st pers. a personal pronoun k (g) = ek is inserted before the negative suffix, in the 2nd pers. a t or tt. As a rule the pron. as thus repeated; má-k-at-ek, non possum; sé-k-at-ek, non video; hef-k-at-ek, non habeo; skal-k-at-ek; vil-k-at-ek, nolo; mon-k-at-ek, non ero, etc.: 2nd pers. skal-t-at-tu; mon-t-at-tu; gaf-t-at-tu, non dabas: and after a long vowel a tt, mátt-at- tu, sátt-at-tu; so almost invariably in all monosyllabic verbal forms; but not so in bisyllabic ones, máttir-a-þú, non poteras: yet in some instances in the 1st pers. a pronominal g is inserted, e. g. bjargi-g-a-k, verbally servem ego non ego; höggvi-g-a-k, non cædam; stöðvi-g-a-k, quin sistam; vildi-g-a-k, nolui; hafði-g-a-k, non babui; mátti-g-a-k, non potui; görði-g-a-k, non feci: if the verb has gg as final radical con- sonants, they change into kk, e. g. þikk-at-ek = þigg-k-at-ek, nolo accipere. In the 3rd pers. a and at or t are used indifferently, t being particularly suffixed to bisyllabic verbal flexions ending in a vowel, in order to avoid an hiatus, -- skal-at or skal-a, non erit; but skolo-t, non sunto: forms with an hiatus, however, occur, -- bítí-a, non mordat; renni-a, ne currat; skríði-a, id.; leti-a, ne retardet; vaeri-a, ne esset; urðu-a, non erant; but bíti-t, renni-t, skríði-t, urðu-t are more current forms: v. Lex. Poët. The negative suffix is almost peculiar to indic., conj., and imperat. moods; the neg. infin. hardly occurs. Nothing analogous to this form is to be found in any South-Teutonic idiom; neither do there remain any traces of its having been used in Sweden or Denmark. A single exception is the Runic verse on a stone monument in Öland, an old Danish province, now Swedish, where however the inscriptions may proceed from a Norse or Icel. hand. The Runic inscriptions run thus, sár aigi flo, who did not fly, old Icel. 'flo-at,' Baut. 1169. Neither does it occur in any Norse prose monuments (laws): but its use may yet be inferred from its occurrence in Norse poets of the 10th century, e. g. the poets Eyvind and Thiodolf; some of which instances, however, may be due to their being transmitted through Icel. oral tradition. In Bragi Gamli (9th century) it occurs twice or thrice; in the Haustlöng four times, in Ynglingatal four times, in Hákonarmál once (all Norse poems of the 10th century). In Icel. the suffixed negation was in full force through the whole of the 10th century. A slight difference in idioms, however, may be observed: Völuspá, e. g., prefers the negation by né (using vas-at only once, verse 3). In the old Hávamal the suffix abounds (being used thirty-five times), see the verses 6, 10, 11, 18, 26, 29, 30, 34, 37-39, 49, 51, 52, 68, 74, 88, 113-115, 126-128, 130, 134, 136, 147, 149, 151, 153, 159. In Skírnismál, Harbarðsljóð, Lokasenna -- all these poems probably composed by the same author, and not before the loth century -- about thirty times, viz. Hbl. 3, 4, 8, 14, 26, 35, 56; Skm. 5, 18, 22; Ls. 15, 16, 18, 25, 28, 30, 36, 42, 47, 49, 56, 60, 62. Egil (born circa 900, died circa 990) abounds in the use of the suffixed neg. (he most commonly avails himself of -at, -gi, or né; so, too, does Hallfred (born circa 968, died 1008), Einar Skálaglam in Vellekla (circa 940-995), and Thorarin in the Máhlíðingavísur (com- posed in the year 981); and in the few epigrams relating to the introduc- tion of Christianity in Icel. (995-1000) there occur mon-k-að-ek, tek- k-at-ek, vil-k-at-ek, hlífði-t, mon-a, es-a; cp. the Kristni S. and Njala. From this time, however, its use becomes more rare. Sighvat (born circa 995, died 1040) still makes a frequent but not exclusive use of it. Sub- sequent poets use it now and then as an epic form, until it disappeared almost entirely in poetry at the middle or end of the 13th century. In the Sólarljóð there is not a single instance. The verses of some of our Sagas are probably later than the Sagas themselves; the greatest part of the Völsungakviður are scarcely older than the 11th century. In all these -at and conj. eigi are used indifferently. In prose the laws continued to employ the old forms long after they were abolished in common prose. The suffixed verbal negation was used, a. in the delivering of the oath in the Icel. Courts, esp. the Fifth Court, instituted about the year 1004; and it seems to have been used through the whole of the Icel. Commonwealth (till the year 1272). The oath of the Fifth (High) Court, as preserved in the Grágás, runs in the 1st pers., hefka ek fé borit í dóm þenna til liðs mér um sök þessa, ok ek monka bjóða, hefka ek fundit, ok monka ek finna, hvárki til laga né ólaga, p. 79; and again p. 81, only different as to ek hefka, ek monka (new Ed.): 3rd pers., hefirat hann fé; borit í dóm þenna ok monat hann bjóða, ok hefirat hann fundit, ok monat hann tinna, 80, 81; cp. also 82, and Nj. l. c. ch. 145, where it is interesting to observe that the author confounds the ist and 3rd persons, a sign of decay in grammatical form. . the Speaker (lögsögumaðr), in publicly reciting and explaining the law, and speaking in the name of the law, from the Hill of Laws (lögberg), frequently employed the old form, esp. in the legal words of command es and skal (yet seldom in plur.): erat in the dictatorial phrases, erat skyldr (skylt), non esto obligatus; erat land- eigandi skyldr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 17; erat hinn skyldr, 21; yngri maðr era skyldr at fasta, 35; enda erat honum þá skylt at ..., 48; erat þat sakar spell, 127; era hinn þá skyldr at lýsa, 154; erat hann framar skyldr sak- ráða, 216; ok erat hann skyldr at ábyrgjask þat fé, 238; ok erat hann skyldr, id.; ok erat sakar aðili ella skyldr, ii. 74; erat hinn skyldr við at taka, 142; erat manni skylt at taka búfé, 143; enda erat heimting til fjár þess, 169; era hann þá skyldr at taka við í öðru fé nema hann vili, 209; ok erat þeim skylt at tíunda fé sitt, 211; ok erat hann skyldr at gjalda tíund af því, 212; erat kirkjudrottinn þá skyldr, 228; ef hann erat landeigaadi, i. 136. Skalat: skalat maðr eiga fó óborit, i. 23; skalat homum þat verða optar en um siun, 55; skalat maðr ryðja við sjálfan sik, 62; skalat hann þat svá dvelja, 68; skalat hann til véfangs ganga, 71; skalat aðilja í stefnuvætti hafa, 127; ok skala hann gjalda fyrir þat, 135; ok skalat hann með sök fara, 171; enda skalat hann fleirum baugum bœta, 199; skalat hann skilja félagit, 240; skalat hann meiri skuld eiga en, ii. 4; skalat þeim meðan á brott skipta, 5; skalat hann lögvillr verða, svá, 34; skalat hon at heldr varðveita þat fé, 59; í skalat enn sami maðr þar lengr vera, 71; ok skala honum bæta þat, 79; skalat fyl telja, 89; skalat hann banna fiskför, 123; skalat hann lóga


Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0003, entry 7
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AÐAL, [O. H. G. adal, genus; cp. also A. S. éðele, nobilis; Old Engl. and Scot, ethel; Germ, edel; eðla- and eðal- came from mod. Dan. into Icel. aðall, nobility. It does not occur in old writings in this sense.] I. n. nature, disposition, inborn native quality, used only in poetry; jóðs a., childish, Ýt. 13; ósnotrs aðal, foolish, insipid, Hm. 106; args a., dastardly, Ls. 23, 24; drengs a., noble, Km. 23; ódyggs a., bad, Hsm. 19. 2. in the sense of offspring; aðul Njarðar (where it is n. pl.?), the gods, the offspring of Njord, Hallfred in a poem, vide Fs. 59. II. used in a great many COMPDS, chief-, head-. aðal-akkeri, n. sheet-anchor, Fms. x. 130: . metaph., Bs. i. 756. aðal-bjórr, s, m. prime beaver skin, Eb. (in a verse). aðal-borinn, part., v. óðalborinn. aðal-ból, n. a manor-house, farm inhabited by its master, opp. to tenant farms, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 150; also the name of a farm, Hrafn. 4. aðal-festr, f., v. alaðsfestr. aðal-fylking, f. main force, main body, Hkr. ii. 361. aðal-haf, n. the main, Fms. iv. 177. aðal-henda, u, f., v. alhenda. aðal-hending, f. full, complete rhymes, such as all -- hall, opp. to skot- hending, q. v., Edda (Ht.) aðal-hendr, adj. verse in full rhyme, Edda, id. aðal-kelda, u, f. chief well, Karl. 442. aðal-kirkja, ju, f. chief part of a church, viz. choir and nave, opp. to forkirkja, Sturl. ii. 59. aðalliga, adv. completely, thoroughly; a. dauðr, quite dead, 656 C. 31, Fms. ii. 313; a. gamall, quite old, iii. 171. aðal-mein, n. great pain, Fms. vi. (in a verse), aðal-merki, n. the head-standard, Pr. 177. aðal- ritning, f. chief writing, Sks. 13. aðal-skáli, a, m. the chief apart- ment of a skáli, the hall, as distinguished from a forhús, Eb. 43. aðal- tré, n. trunk of a tree; eigi munu kvistir betri en a. (a proverb), Fms. iv. 33. aðal-troll, n. downright ogre, Fas. iii. 179. aðal-túlkr, s, m. chief advocate, Bs. i. 445. aðal-túpt, f. esp. in pl. ir = óðals-toptir, the ground on which a manor-bouse is built, toft of an allodial farm (Norse), flytja hús af aðaltóptum, remove it, N. G. L. i.


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