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Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0048, entry 26 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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B (bé) is the second letter. In the Phenician (Hebrew) alphabet the three middle mutes, b, g, d, etc., follow in unbroken order after a. In the Greek the same order is kept; in Latin, and hence in all European alphabets, a confusion arose, first, by giving to the UNCERTAIN (the old Greek gamma) the value of k (c), and thereby throwing g out of its original place: secondly, by placing e and F (identical in form with UNCERTAIN, the old Greek digamma) immediately after the d; thus, instead of the old Greek (and Hebrew) a, b, g, d, e, f, we got a, b, c, d, e, f, g, etc. In the old Slavonian alphabet v (vidil) was inserted between the b and g (Grimm Introd. to lit. B). In the old Runic alphabet the order became still more disjointed; the common rude Scandinavian Runes have no special g or d, and their b is put between t and l, nearly at the end of the alphabet (... t, b, l, m, y). In all the others b kept its place at the head of the consonants, immediately after a, which stands first in almost all alphabets.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0048, entry 27 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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A. Among the vowels a begins more words than any other vowel: it contains the three great prepositions, af, at, and á, which, with their compounds, along with those of al- and all-, make up more than half the extent of the letter; it abounds in compound words, but is comparatively poor in primitive root words. Again, b is in extent only surpassed by the consonants h and s; in regard to the number of root words it is equal to them all, if not the foremost. It is scanty in compounds, has no prepositions, but contains the roots of several large families of words, as, for instance, the three great verbs, bera, bregða, and búa; besides many of secondary extent, as binda, bíða, biðja, etc.; and a great number of nouns. The extent of b is greatly reduced by the fact, that the Scandinavian idioms have no prefix be-, which in the German swells the vocabulary by thousands (in Grimm it takes up about 300 pages); the modern Swedes and Danes have during the last few centuries introduced a great many of these from modern German; the Icel. have up to the present time kept their tongue pure from this innovation, except in two or three words, such as betala or bítala (to pay), befala or bífala (to commend), behalda or bíhalda (to keep), which may, since the Reformation, be found in theol. writers; the absence of the prefix be- is indeed one of the chief characteristics of the Icel. as opposed to the German; the English, influenced by the northern idiom, has to a great extent cut off this be-, which abounds in A. S. (v. Bosworth, A. S. Dictionary, where about 600 such words are recorded); even in the Ormulum only about thirty such words are found; in South-English they are more frequent, but are gradually disappearing. Again, b represents p in Scandinavian roots; for probably all words and syllables beginning with p are of foreign extraction; and the same is probably the case in German and English, and all the branches of the Teutonic (vide Grimm D. G. iii. 414); whereas, in Greek and Latin, p is the chief letter, containing about a seventh of the vocabulary, while b contains from one seventieth to one ninetieth only. It might even be suggested that the words beginning with b in Greek and Latin are (as those with p in the Teutonic) either aliens, onomatopoëtics, provincialisms, or even cant words.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0049, entry 4 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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the Scandinavian and Saxon-Teutonic form of a Greek-Latin root word is to be sought for under the next letter following the course of the sun; thus the Greek-Latin f () answers to Icel. and Teutonic b; the Greek-Latin b (), on the other hand, to Teutonic p. Few letters present so many connections, as our b (initial) does to the Greek-Latin f, either in whole families or single words; some of the instances are dubious, many clear: GREEK, cp. Icel. balkr; GREEK, Lat. far, cp. barr; GREEK, GREEK, Lat. frare, cp. bora; GREEK, cp. barki; GREEK, GREEK, cp. bifa; GREEK, GREEK, Lat. fro, cp. bera, borinn; GREEK, cp. byrðr; GREEK, GREEK, Lat. fgio, cp. beygja, boginn, bugr; GREEK, Lat. fgus, cp. bók, beyki; GREEK, GREEK, Lat. fulgere, fulgur, cp. blik, blika; GREEK, Lat. flre, cp. blása, bólginn, Lat. follis, cp. belgr; GREEK, Lat. fls, cp. blóm; GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, cp. bani, ben; GREEK, cp. barmr; GREEK, GREEK, cp. borg, byrgja; GREEK, GREEK, cp. birta; GREEK, Lat. frter, cp. bróðir; GREEK, cp. brunnr; GREEK, cp. brattr (brant), brandr; GREEK, cp. brá; GREEK, GREEK, cp. brúk; GREEK, Lat. fo, fi, cp. búa, bjó, Engl. to be, and the particle be- (v. Grimm s.v. be- and bauen); GREEK, Lat. flium, cp. blað; GREEK, Lat. fcus, cp. baka: moreover the Lat. fcio, -fcio, cp. byggja; fastigium, cp. bust; favilla, cp. bál; frio, cp. berja; frox, frus, cp. ber-, björn; fervere, cp. brenna; fdus, foedus, cp. binda; findo, fdi, cp. bíta, beit; flgellum, cp. blaka; flectere, cp. bregða; fluctus, cp. bylgja; fdio, cp. bauta, Engl. to beat; fundus, cp. botn; fors, forte, cp. 'burðr' in 'at burðr;' frango, frgi, frgor, cp. breki, brak, brjóta; fraus (fraudis), cp. brjóta, braut; frges, fructus, cp. björk; fulcio, cp. búlki; frmo, cp. brim; frenum, cp. beisl, Engl. bridle; frons (frondis), cp. brum; -- even frons (frontis) might be compared to Icel. brandr and brattr, cp. such phrases as frontati lapides; -- ftum, fma, cp. boð, boða, etc. The Greek GREEK, GREEK might also be identical to our bl- in blíðr. The change is irregular in words such as Lat. pangere, Icel. banga; petere = biðja; parcere = bjarga; porcus = börgr; GREEK, cp. bekkr; probably owing to some link being lost. . in words imported either from Greek or Roman idioms the f sometimes remains unchanged; as the Byz. Greek GREEK is fengari, Edda (Gl.); sometimes the common rule is reversed, and the Latin or Greek p becomes b, as episcopus = biskup; leopardus = hlébarðr, Old Engl. libbard; ampulla = bolli; cp. also Germ. platz = Icel. blettr; again, plank is in the west of Icel. sounded blanki: on the other hand, Latin words such as bracca, burgus are probably of Teutonic or Celtic origin. . the old High German carried this interchange of consonants still farther; but in modern High German this interchange remains only in the series of dental mutes: in the b and g series of mutes only a few words remain, as Germ. pracht (qs. bracht), cp. Engl. bright; Germ. pfand, cp. Engl. bond; otherwise the modern Germans (High and Low) have, just as the English have, their braut, bruder, brod, and butter, not as in old times, prût, etc.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0049, entry 7 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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BAÐ, n. [in Goth. probably baþ, but the word is not preserved; A. S. bäð, pl. baðo; Engl. bath; Germ. bad; cp. also Lat. balneum, qs. badneum (?); Grimm even suggests a kinship to the Gr. GREEK] :-- bath, bathing. In Icel. the word is not very freq., and sounds even now somewhat foreign; laug, lauga, q.v., being the familiar Icel. words; thus in the N. T. Titus iii. 5. is rendered by endrgetningar laug; local names referring to public bathing at hot springs always bear the name of laug, never bað, e.g. Laugar, Laugarnes, Laugardalr, Laugarvatn, etc. The time of bathing, as borne out by many passages in the Sturl. and Bs., was after supper, just before going to bed; a special room, baðstofa (bathroom), is freq. mentioned as belonging to Icel. farms of that time. Bathing in the morning seems not to have been usual; even the passages Sturl. ii. 121, 125 may refer to late hours. This custom seems peculiar and repugnant to the simple sanitary rules commonly observed by people of antiquity. It is, however, to be borne in mind that the chief substantial meal of the ancient Scandinavians was in the forenoon, dagverðr; náttverðr (supper) was light, and is rarely mentioned. Besides the word bað for the late bath in the Sturl. and Bs., baðstofa is the bathroom; síð um kveldit, í þann tíma er þeir Þórðr ok Einarr ætluðu at ganga til baðs, Sturl. iii. 42; um kveldit er hann var genginn til svefns, ok þeir til baðs er þat líkaði, ii. 117, 246, iii. 111; þat var síð um kveldit ok vóru menn mettir (after supper) en Ormr bóndi var til baðs farinn, ok var út at ganga til baðstofunnar, Bs. i. 536; eptir máltíðina (supper) um kveldit reikaði biskupinn um baðferðir (during bathing time) um gólf, ok síðan for hann í sæng sína, 849; hence the phrase, skaltú hafa mjúkt bað fyrir mjúka rekkju, a good bathing before going to bed, of one to be burnt alive, Eg. 239. In Norway bathing in the forenoon is mentioned; laugardags morguninn vildu liðsmenn ráða í bæinn, en konungr vildi enn at þeir biði þar til er flestir væri í baðstofum, Fms. viii. 176; snemma annan dag vikunnar ..., and a little below, eptir þat tóku þeir bað, vii. 34, iii. 171; þá gengr Þéttleifr til baðstofu, kembir sér ok þvær, eptir þat skœðir hanu sik, ok vápnar, Þiðr. 129, v.l.; Icel. hann kom þar fyrir dag (before daybreak), var Þórðr þá í baðstofu, Sturl. ii. 121, 125; vide Eb. 134, Stj. 272. COMPDS: bað-ferð, f. time for bathing, Bs. i. 849. bað-hús, n. a bathing-house, G. H. M. ii. 128 (false reading), vide Fs. 149, 183. bað-kápa, u, f. a bathing-cloak, Sturl. ii. 117. bað-kona, u, f. a female bathing attendant, N. G. L. iii. 15. bað-stofa, u, f. (v. above), a bath-room, Eb. l.c., Bs. i. l.c., Þiðr. l.c., Fms. viii. l.c., Sturl. ii. 121, 167, iii. 25, 102, 176, 198. baðstofu-gluggr, m. a window in a b., Eb. l.c., Sturl. l.c. In Icel. the bathing-room (baðstofa) used to be in the rear of the houses, cp. Sturl. ii. 198. The modern sense of baðstofa is sitting-room, probably from its being in modern dwellings placed where the old bathing-room used to be. The etymology of Jon Olafsson (Icel. Dict. MS.), baðstofa = bakstofa, is bad. In old writers baðstofa never occurs in this modern sense, but it is used so in the Dropl. Saga Major :-- a closet, room, in writers of the 16th century, Bs. ii. 244, 256, 504, Safn. 77, 92, 95, 96.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0051, entry 14 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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BANN, n. [cp. Ulf. bandva; Hel. bann, mandatum; Engl. ban; Germ. bann; A. S. geban; mid. Lat. bannum] , prob. of foreign origin: 1. eccles. excommunication, interdict; minna b. (excommunicatio minor), þat sem forboð er kallat á Norrænu, K. Á. 226 (App.); meira b. (excommuni- catio major), Ann. A. D. 1255; England í banni, id. A. D. 1208; Bs., H. E. several times. 2. in secular sense, prohibition of trade or intercourse; leggja b. fyrir mjöl eðr vöru, N. G. L. i. 204, 103; cp. farbann, forbid- ding ships to set sail. 3. gener. a protest, prohibition, in phrases, boð ok b., Gþl. 76; lof né b., Eg. 349; leggja b. fyrir, to prohibit, Ísl. ii. 265. 4. =bannan, a curse, swearing. The notion of jurisdic- tion common in Germany (v. Grimm) is unknown in the Scandin. idioms; yet the Laufás' Edda, Ed. A. M. i. 586, v.l. 14, has bann as one of the names of the earth, cp. the O. H. G. banz, regio. The passage Gísl. 16, náttlangt né lengra banni, is an GREEK and probably corrupt, = á lengr or the like; lengra banni might, however, be equivalent to lengra meli, bann here denoting spatium temporis, a while. COMPDS: banns- atkvæði, n. a sentence of excommunication, H. E. i. 465. banns- áfell and -áfelli, n. the condemnation of excommunication, H. E. ii. 70. banns-dómr, m. a ban-doom, sentence of excommunication, H. E. ii. 74. banns-mál, n. a case liable to excommunication, H.E. i. 254. banns-pína, u, f. the punishment of excommunication, H. E. i. 477. banns-spjót, n. a spear of excommunication, H. E. ii. 77. banns- verk, n. an act liable to excommunication, H. E. i. 390.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0052, entry 17 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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BARN, n. pl. born, [Ulf. barn; O. H. G. parn; A. S. beam; Scot, and North. E. bairn; cp. bera and Lat. parire] :-- a bairn, child, baby. This word, which in olden time was common to all the Teut. idioms, was lost in Germany as early as the 13th century (Grimm, s. v.); in the South of England it went out of use at an early time, and was replaced by ' child;' even the Ormulum uses barn only four times, else always ' child. ' In North. E. bairu is still a household word, and freq. in popular Scottish writers, Burns, Walter Scott, etc. In the whole of Scandinavia it is in full and exclusive use; the Germ. ' kind' is in Icel. entirely unknown in this sense, v. the funny story Ísl. jþjóð. ii. 535; (' kind' in common Icel. means a sheep.) In Danish barn is the only word which, like the Icel., changes the radical vowel in pl. into ö (born). Proverbs referring to barn; barnið vex en brókin ekki; þetta verðr aldri barn í brók; bráð er barnslundin (barnæskan); nema börn hvað ú bæ er titt; allir hafa börnin verið; því laera börnin málið að það er fyrir þeim hatt; tvisvar verðr gamall maðrinn barn; bragð er at þá barnið fmnr; snemnia taka börn til meina; Guð gefr björg með barni, cp. Eggert (Bb.) 1. 14; sex born, daetr þrjár ok þrjá sonu, Nj. 30, Ísl. ii. 198, Vsp. 36; eiga þrjá sonu barna, Fms. xi. 43; og svíkjast um að eiga börn, Eggert (Bb.) 1. 14; vera með barni, to be with child, Fms. ii. 212, i. 57, 68, Ísl. ii. 197; fara með barni, to gowith child, Nj. 130; frá blautu barni, from a child, Fms. iii. 155; unni honum hvert barn, every c hild, i. e. every living creature, loved him, i. 17; hvert mannsbarn, e very man: metaph. (rare), offspring, Niðrst. IO: barn, barnið gott, börn, barnið mitt (rticvov, TÍKVO) is with many a favourite term of endearment in talking with another, Látum líða og bíða, börn, Pal Vid. in a popular ditty: eptirlætisbarn, a pet, spoilt child; olbogabarn, a bard-treated child; oskabarn, a child of adoption; sveinbarn, a boy; meybarn, a girl; ungbarn, a baby. COMPDS: barna- börn, n. pl. grand-children, Grág. i. 185. bama-eign, f. procreation of children, v. barneign. barna-fœri, n. the phrase, ekki b., no task for children, fjórð. 97 (1860). barna-gaman, n. child's play, El. I. barna-karl, m. child's friend, nickname of an old pirate; hann var vikingr mikill, hann let eigi henda börn á spjótsoddum sem þá var víkingum títt, því var hann b. kallaðr, he was a great pirate, but he did not spit babies as pirates then used to do, wherefore he was called b., Landn. 308; in mod. usage, one who has many children, mesti b. barna-kensla, u, f. fathering a child upon one (kenna e-m barn), N. G. L. i. 410: mod. training children in a school. bama-leikr, m. a child's play, Grett. 107 A, vide barnleikr. barna-messa, u, f., now barna- dagr, m. Holy Innocents' Day, Dec. 28, N. G. L. i. 377. barna- mold, f. argilla apyra, also called Pétrs mold, argilla St. Petri, Eggert Itin. p. 125. barna-mosi, a, m., botan. sphagnum cymbifolium, Hjalt. barna-skap, n. in the phrase, hafa ekki b., to be nobab y, Fs. 138. barna-spil, n. a childish play, Fas. i. 88 paper MS.; spil is a Germ. for. word. barna-vipr, n. childish trifles, gewgaws, Ld. 122. barna- þattr, m. the section of law concerning infants, baptism, etc., in the Icel. Jus. Eccl., K. þ. K. 8. barns-aldr, m. childhood. Eg. 118, Fms. ii. 267. barns-bein, n. in the phrase, frá blautu b., v. above, Al. 71. barns- farir, f. pl. in the phrase, deyja af barnsförum, to die in childbed. barns-full, za] . pregnant, Pr. 185, -- a rude phrase; Icel. now say, kálffull kýr, but not barnsfull kona. barns-fylgja, u, f., medic, secundinae, a baby's caul, Björn. barns-gratr, m. the cry of a baby, Fms. x. 218. barns-hafandi, part, pregnant, Jb. 114. barn. 8-h. ufa, u, f. a baby's cap, D. N. barns-lik, n. a baby's corpse, Hkr. iii. 184. barns-mál, n. babble, El. 15. barns-skirsl, f. i/// awt baptism, N. G. L. i. 131 (Norse). barns-sótt, f. = jóðsótt, the pains of childbirth, Bs. i. 327. barns-útkast, n. and barns-útburðr, m. exposure of infants, N. G. L. i. 303. barns-verk, n. child's work, Fms. ix. 35.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0053, entry 34 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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bastarðr, m. bastard, appears for the first time as the cognom. of William the Conqueror. The etymon is dubious; Grimm suggests a Scandinavian origin; but this is very doubtful; the word never occurs in Scandinavian writers before the time of William, sounds very like a foreign word, is rarely used, and hardly understood by common people in Icel.; neither does it occur in A. S. nor O. H. G.; so that Adam of Bremen says, iste Willelmus quem Franci bastardum vocant; whence the word seems to come from some southern source; cp. the Játv. S. (Ed. 1852), and Fl. iii. 463 sqq.; the MS. Holm, spells bastarðr, the Fb. bast- hardr. 2. name of a sword, Fms. vii. 297, referring to A. D. 1163. 3. a kind of cloth, in deeds of the I4th and 151:1 centuries, Vm. 46, 136, D. N. ii. 165.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0055, entry 6 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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BÁTR,, m. [a Scandin. and Low Germ, word used in A. S., Engl., Dutch, but alien to O. H. G. and middle H. G.; even Luther (v. Grimm y. v.) never uses the word; it was later introduced into mod. High Germ., but has a foreign sound there, (Engl. t answers to High Germ, z); the word is in Germ, borrowed from Dutch or English] :-- a boat, either a small open fishing vessel or a shi p- boat. In Icel. only small boats are called so, those of two or four oars; an eight-oared boat is a 'ship, ' Eg. 121, 373, Eb. 142, Nj. 122, Jb. 398, Bs. 1. 422, 423: in phrases, ausa bat sinn, Fms. vii. 331; sjá fyrir báti sínum, to go one's own course, to mind erne's own business, Sturl. iii. 247: allitera- tion, eiga bygð í báti, metaph., Bs. i. 422. COMPDS: báts-borð, n. the s ide of a boat, Sturl. i. 119. báts-farmr, m. a boat's freight, Ann. 1342.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0055, entry 21 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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BEIN, n. a word common to the Teut. idioms and peculiar to them j [the Goth, word is not on record, as Luke xxiv. 39 and John xix. 36 are lost in Ulf.; A. S. ban; Engl. bone; Germ, bein; Swed. -Dan. ben (been). Sansk., Gr., Lat., and the Slav, languages agree in a totally different root; Sansk. asihi; Gr. oariov; Lat. os; the Slav, branch all with an initial c, cp. the Lat. cosia. Vide Grimm (s. v.), who suggests a rela- tion to Gr. jSeuVu;; but the native Icel. words beinn, rectus, and beina, promovere, are more likely roots; the original sense might thus be crus, Gr. er/ceAos, but Lat. os the secondary one] :-- a bone. I. spec. the le g" from the knee to the foot; freq. in Swed. and Dan., but very rare and nearly obsolete in Icel., where leggr is the common word; hosa strengd at beini, Eg. 602, Fms. x. 331; kálfar á beinum fram, N. G. L. i. 339. II. gener. = Lat. os, a bone, but originally the bones with marrow (Germ, knocben), as may be inferred from the passages, pa er mergund ef b. er í sundr til mergjar, þat er mergr er i, Grág. ii. II, i. 442, Fms. vii. 118, Vápn. 21, Fas. i. 66, Vígl. 20; stór bein í andliti, with a strongly-marked, high-boned face, Band. 7, whence stórbeinóttr, q. v.; viðbeina, a collar-bone; höfuðbein, pl. he a d- b on e s, the scull around the temples and the forehead; er gamlir grisir skyldu halda mér at höfuðbeinum, Grett. (in a verse); strjúka hó'fuðbeiniu; málbein, o s loquendi, a small bone in the head; hence the phrase, láta málbeinið ganga, of one talking incessantly and foolishly: metaph. in phrases, lata ganga með beini, to deal blows to the very marrow, deal severely, Ld. 230; hafa bein í hendi (the Danes say, have been i nœsen), to have a boned hand, i. e. strength and power, Hrafn. 10, Al. 29. 2. pl. relics, remains (ashes); the phrase, bera bein, to repose, rest, be buried; far þú út til islands, þar mun þér auðit verða beinin at bera, Grett. 148, Nj. 201; ok iðrast nú að aptr hvarf að bera b. blú við hrjóstr, Bjarni, 57 :-- of the reli cs of saints, Bs. 468, 469; hence beina- færsla, u, f. removal of bones (translatio); in the Catholic age, when churches were removed, the churchyard was dug up and the bones removed also, vide Eb. (in fine), Bjarn. 19, K. b. K. 40, Eg. (in fine). COMPDS: beina-vatn, n. water in which relics have been washed, Bs. ii. 173. Fél. ix. records many medic, terms; beina-griud, f. a skeleton; bein-áta, u, f. necrosis, caries ossiitm; bein-brot, \. fractura ossium, Lv. 68, Grág. ii. 17; bein-kröm, f. rachitis: bein-kveisa, u, f. osteocopus; bein- sullr, in. sarcostosis; bein-verkir, m. pl. lassitudo febrilis dolorosa universalis, Gísl. 48, cp. Fél. ix. As a poet, circumlocution, the s to ne is foldar bein, bone of the earth; sævarbein, bone of the sea, Hit., Edda (Ht.) 19, 23; cp. the Gr. myth of

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0057, entry 37 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry]

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BERA, bar, báru, borit, pres. berr, -- poët, forms with the suffixed negative; 3rd pers. sing. pres. Indic. berrat, Hm. 10; 3rd pers. sing. pret. barat, Vellekla; 1st pers. sing. barkak, Eb. 62 (in a verse); barkat ek, Hs. 8; 2nd pers. sing. bartattu; 3rd pers. pl. bárut, etc., v. Lex. Poët. [Gr. GREEK Lat. ferre; Ulf. bairan; A. S. beran; Germ, gebären; Engl. bear; Swed. bära; Dan. bære]. A. Lat. ferre, portare: I. prop, with a sense of motion, to bear, carry, by means of the body, of animals, of vehicles, etc., with acc., Egil tók mjöðdrekku eina mikla, ok bar undir hendi sér, Eg. 237; bar hann heim hrís, Rm. 9; konungr lét bera inn kistur tvær, báru tveir menn hverja, Eg. 310; bera farm af skipi, to unload a ship, Ld. 32; bera (farm) á skip, to load a ship, Nj. 182; tóku alla ösku ok báru á á (amnem) út, 623, 36; ok bar þat (carried it) í kerald, 43, K. Þ. K. 92; b. mat á borð, í stofu, to put the meat on table, in the oven; b. mat af borði, to take it off table, Eb. 36, 266, Nj. 75, Fms. ix. 219, etc. 2. Lat. gestare, ferre, denoting to wear clothes, to carry weapons; skikkja dýr er konungr hafði borit, Eg. 318; b. kórónu, to wear the crown, Fms. x. 16; atgeir, Nj. 119; vápn, 209: metaph., b. ægishjálm, to inspire fear and awe; b. merki, to carry the flag in a battle, Nj. 274, Orkn. 28, 30, 38, Fms. v. 64, vi. 413; bera fram merki, to advance, move in a battle, vi. 406. 3. b. e-t á hesti (áburðr), to carry on horseback; Auðunn bar mat á hesti, Grett. 107; ok bar hrís á hesti, 76 new Ed.; þeir báru á sjau hestum, 98 new Ed. II. without a sense of motion: 1. to give birth to; [the root of barn, bairn; byrja, incipere; burðr, partus; and burr, filius: cp. Lat. parre; also Gr. GREEK Lat. ferre, of child-bearing.] In Icel. prose, old as well as mod., 'ala' and 'fæða' are used of women; but 'bera,' of cows and sheep; hence sauðburðr, casting of lambs, kýrburðr; a cow is snembær, siðbær, Jólabær, calves early, late, at Yule time, etc.; var ekki ván at hon (the cow) mundi b. fyr en um várit, Bs. i. 193, 194; kýr hafði borit kálf, Bjarn. 32; bar hvárrtveggi sauðrinn sinn burð, Stj. 178: the participle borinn is used of men in a great many compds in a general sense, aptrborinn, árborinn, endrborinn, frjálsborinn, goðborinn, höldborinn, hersborinn, konungborinn, óðalborinn, samborinn, sundrborinn, velborinn, úborinn, þrælborinn, etc.; also out of compds, mun ek eigi upp gefa þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, ... entitled to by inheritance, Ld. 102; hann hafði blindr verit borinn, born blind, Nj. 152, Hdl. 34, 42, Vsp. 2: esp. borinn e-m, born of one, Rm. 39, Hdl. 12, 23, 27, Hðm. 2, Gs. 9, Vþm. 25, Stor. 16, Vkv. 15; borinn frá e-m, Hdl. 24: the other tenses are in theol. Prose used of Christ, hans blezaða son er virðist at láta berast hingað í heim af sinni blezaðri móður, Fms. i. 281; otherwise only in poetry, eina dóttur (acc.) berr álfröðull (viz. the sun, regarded as the mother), Vþm. 47; hann Gjálp um bar, hann Greip um bar ..., Hdl. 36: borit (sup.), Hkv. 1. 1. . of trees, flowers; b. ávöxt, blóm ..., to bear fruit, flower ... (freq.); bar aldinviðrinn tvennan blóma, Fms. ix. 265; cp. the phrase, bera sitt barr, v. barr. 2. denoting to load, with acc. of the person and dat. of the thing: . in prop. sense; hann hafði borit sik mjök vápnum, he had loaded himself with arms, i. e. wore heavy armour, Sturl. iii. 250. . but mostly in a metaph. sense; b. e-n ofrafli, ofrmagni, ofrliði, ofríki, magni, to bear one down, to overcome, oppress one, by odds or superior force, Grág. i. 101, ii. 195, Nj. 80, Hkr. ii. 371, Gþl. 474, Stj. 512, Fms. iii. 175 (in the last passage a dat. pers. badly); b. e-n ráðum, to overrule one, Nj. 198, Ld. 296; b. e-n málum, to bearhim down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit, Nj. 151; b. e-n bjóri, to make drunk, Vkv. 26: medic., borinn verkjum, sótt, Bjarn. 68, Og. 5; bölvi, Gg. 2: borne down, feeling heavy pains; þess er borin ván, no hope, all hope is gone, Ld. 250; borinn sök, charged with a cause, Fms. v. 324, H. E. i. 561; bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise, Fms. iv. 111; b. fé, gull á e-n, to bring one a fee, gold, i. e. to bribe one, Nj. 62; borinn baugum, bribed, Alvm. 5; always in a bad sense, cp. the law phrase, b. fé í dóm, to bribe a court, Grág., Nj. 240. 3. to bear, support, sustain, Lat. sustinere, lolerare, ferre: . properly, of a ship, horse, vehicle, to bear, be capable of bearing; þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, all that they could carry, Eb. 302; -- a ship 'berr' (carries) such and such a weight; but 'tekr' (takes) denotes a measure of fluids. . metaph. to sustain, support; dreif þannig svá mikill mannfjöldi at landit fékk eigi borit, Hkr. i. 56; but metaph. to bear up against, endure, support grief, sorrow, etc., sýndist öllum at Guð hefði nær ætlað hvat hann mundi b. mega, Bs. i. 139; biðr hann friðar ok þykist ekki mega b. reiði hans, Fms. iii. 80: the phrase, b. harm sinn í hljóði, to suffer silently; b. svívirðing, x. 333: absol., þótti honum mikit víg Kjartans, en þó bar hann drengilega, he bore it manfully, Ld. 226; er þat úvizka, at b. eigi slíkt, not to bear or put up with, Glúm. 327; b. harm, to grieve, Fms. xi. 425: in the phrases, b. sik, b. af sér, berask, berask vel (illa, lítt), to bear oneself, to bear up against misfortune; Guðrúnu þótti mikit fráfall Þorkels, en þó bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore her bravely up, Ld. 326-328; lézt hafa spurt at ekkjan bæri vel af sér harmana, Eb. 88; berask af; hversu bersk Auðr af um bróðurdauðann? (how does she bear it?); hón bersk af lítt (she is much borne down) ok þykir mikit, Gísl. 24; niun oss vandara gört en öðrum at vér berim oss vel (Lat. fortiter ferre), Nj. 197; engi maðr hefði þar jamvel borit sik, none bad borne himself so boldly, Sturl. iii. 132; b. sik vel upp, to bear well up against, bear a stout heart, Hrafn. 17; b. sik beiskliga (sorely), Stj. 143; b. sik lítt, to be downcast, Fms. ii. 61; b. sik at göra e-t, to do one's best, try a thing. III. in law terms or modes of procedure: 1. bera járn, the ordeal of bearing hot iron in the hand, cp. járnburðr, skírsla. This custom was introduced into Scandinavia together with Christianity from Germany and England, and superseded the old heathen ordeals 'hólmganga,' and 'ganga undir jarðarmen,' v. this word. In Norway, during the civil wars, it was esp. used in proof of paternity of the various pretenders to the crown, Fms. vii. 164, 200, ix. Hák. S. ch. 14, 41-45, viii. (Sverr. S.) ch. 150, xi. (Jómsv. S.) ch. 11, Grett. ch. 41, cp. N. G. L. i. 145, 389. Trial by ordeal was abolished in Norway A. D. 1247. In Icel. It was very rarely mentioned, vide however Lv. ch. 23 (paternity), twice or thrice in the Sturl. i. 56, 65, 147, and Grág. i. 341, 361; it seems to have been very seldom used there, (the passage in Grett. S. l. c. refers to Norway.) 2. bera út (hence útburðr, q. v.), to expose children; on this heathen custom, vide Grimm R. A. In heathen Icel., as in other parts of heathen Scandinavia, it was a lawful act, but seldom exercised; the chief passages on record are, Gunnl. S. ch. 3 (ok þat var þá siðvandi nokkurr, er land var allt alheiðit, at þeir menn er félitlir vórn, en stóð ómegð mjök til handa létu út bera börn sín, ok þótti þó illa gört ávalt), Fs. Vd. ch. 37, Harð. S. ch. 8, Rd. ch. 7, Landn. v. ch. 6, Finnb. ch. 2, Þorst. Uxaf. ch. 4, Hervar. S. ch. 4, Fas. i. 547 (a romance); cp. Jómsv. S. ch. 1. On the introduction of Christianity into Icel. A. D. 1000, it was resolved that, in regard to eating of horse-flesh and exposure of children, the old laws should remain in force, Íb. ch. 9; as Grimm remarks, the exposure must take place immediately after birth, before the child had tasted food of any kind whatever, and before it was besprinkled with water (ausa vatni) or shown to the father, who had to fix its name; exposure, after any of these acts, was murder, cp. the story of Liafburga told by Grimm R. A.); v. Also a Latin essay at the end of the Gunnl. S. (Ed. 1775). The Christian Jus Eccl. put an end to this heathen barbarism by stating at its very beginning, ala skal barn hvert er borit verðr, i. e. all children, if not of monstrous shape, shall be brought up, N. G. L. i. 339, 363. . b. út (now more usual, hefja út, Am. 100), to carry out for burial; vera erfðr ok tit borinn, Odd. 20; var hann heygðr, ok út borinn at fornum sið, Fb. i. 123; b. á bál, to place (the body and treasures) upon the pile, the mode of burying in the old heathen time, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse); var hon borin á bálit ok slegit í eldi, Edda 38. B. Various and metaph. cases. I. denoting motion: 1. 'bera' is in the Grág. the standing law term for delivery of a verdict by a jury (búar), either 'bera' absol. or adding kvið (verdict); bera á e-n, or b. kvið á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty; bera af e-m, or b. af e-m kviðinn, to give a verdict for; or generally, bera, or b. um e-t, to give a verdict in a case; bera, or b. vitni, vætti, also simply means to testify, to witness, Nj. 111, cp. kviðburðr (delivering of verdict), vitnisburðr (bearing witness), Grág. ii. 28; eigi eigu búar (jurors) enn at b. um þat hvat lög eru á landi hér, the jurors have not to give verdict in (to decide) what is law in the country, cp. the Engl. maxim, that jurors have only to decide the question of evidence, not of law, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 85; eigi eru búar skildir at b. um hvatvetna; um engi mál eigu þeir at skilja, þau er erlendis (abroad) hafa görzt, id.; the form in delivering the verdict -- höfum vér (the jurors), orðit á eitt sáttir, berum á kviðburðinn, berum hann sannan at sökinni, Nj. 238, Grág. i. 49, 22, 138, etc.; í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn, id.; b. annattveggja af eðr á; b. undan, to discharge, Nj. 135; b. kvið í hag (for), Grág. i. 55; b. lýsingar vætti, Nj. 87; b. vitni ok vætti, 28, 43, 44; b. ljúgvitni, to bear false witness, Grág. i. 28; b. orð, to bear witness to a speech, 43; bera frændsemi sundr, to prove that they are not relations, N. G. L. i. 147: reflex., berask ór vætti, to prove that oneself is wrongly summoned to bear witness or to give a verdict, 44: berask in a pass. sense, to be proved by evidence, ef vanefni b. þess manns er á hönd var lýst, Grág. i. 257; nema jafnmæli berisk, 229; þótt þér berisk þat faðerni er þú segir, Fms. vii. 164; hann kvaðst ætla, at honum mundi berask, that he would be able to get evidence for, Fs. 46. . gener. and not as a law term; b. á, b. á hendr, to charge; b. e-n undan, to discharge, Fs. 95; eigi erum vér þessa valdir er þú berr á oss, Nj. 238, Ld. 206, Fms. iv. 380, xi. 251, Th. 78; b. e-m á brýnn, to throw in one's face, to accuse, Greg. 51; b. af sér, to deny; eigi mun ek af mér b., at... (non diffitebor), Nj. 271;

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