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Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0090, entry 8
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

bygging, f. habitation, colonisation, Landn. 24, v.l., Stj. 176. 2. tenancy, letting out land for rent, H. E. i. 495: in compds, byggingarbréf, b. skilmáli, an agreement between tenant and landlord. . buildings or houses, Matth. xxiv. 1; scarcely occurs in old writers in this sense; cp. Dan. bygning, Scot. and North. E. biggin, = building.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0090, entry 9
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BYGGJA, older form byggva, ð, [for the etymology v. búa], gener. to inhabit, settle, people, always in a transitive sense--not neut. as. búa--but often used absol. or ellipt., land being understood: . to settle as a colonist; Hrollaugr bygði austr á Síðu, Ketilbjörn bygði suðr at Mosfelli, Auðr bygði vestr í Breiðafirði, Helgi bygði norðr í Eyjafirði, all these instances referring to the first settlers of Icel., Íb. ch. 1. 2; en þat vas es hann tók byggva landit, id.; sumar þat er þeir Ingólfr fóru at b. Ísland, the summer before Ingolf settled in Iceland, ch. 6; Íngólfr ... bygði fyrstr landit, i.e. Ingolf was the first settler, id.; so in numberless instances, esp. of the Íb. and Landn., e.g. Landn. 42, 334, Eb. 8, Hrafn. 4, Eg. 99, 100; eptir Nóa-flóð lifðu átta menn þeir er heiminn bygðu (peopled), Edda (pref.) . to inhabit, live in a country; þesskonar þjóð es Vínland hefir bygt, Íb. ch. 6; þá er landit hafði sex tigi vetra bygt verit, Landn. 321; þeir b. þat hérað á Vindlandi er Ré heitir, Fms. xi. 378, H. E. i. 494, Bret. 100: allit. phrases, á bygðu bóli, i.e. among men, where men live; bygðr bólstaðr, possessed land, Grág. ii. 214: the proverb, með lögum skal land byggja, with laws shall man build land, i.e. law builds (makes) lands and home; and some add, en með ólögum eyða; eyða (to lay waste) and byggja are thus opposed to one another, Nj. 106; b. bæ, to settle on a farm; segi ek af því fyrst hversu bærinn hefir bygzk í Skálaholti ... Ketilbjörn bygði þann bæ fyrstr er í Skálaholti heitir, Bs. i. 60; hann bygði bæ þann er í Eyju heitir, Gísl. 91, where it does not mean to build houses, as in the mod. use of this phrase, but to settle, Lat. inhabitare. . in more special or law phrases, to dwell in, occupy; b. sæng, to keep one's bed, sleep, Fas. i. 314; b. eina sæng, of married people, Fms. ii. 134; b. með e-m, to cohabit, Stj. 176; b. höll, to occupy a hall, Fms. vi. 147, x. 236; b. á skipum, undir tjöldum, to live aboard ship, in tents, vii. 138; b. hálfrými, a naut. term, viii. 199: metaph., cf Guð byggvir í þeim, Eluc. 52, cp. also the references from the N. T. above under búa, where most of the Icel. Edd. use byggja. 2. to build a house, ship, or the like, [Scot. and North. E. to big; Dan. bygge; Swed. bygga]: this sense, common over all Scandinavia and North Britain, seems not to occur in Icel. writers before the 15th century or the end of the 14th, but is freq. at the present time; it occurs in the Ann. 1401, 1405, etc. Old writers always say, reisa or göra hús, skip ..., not byggja. 3. reflex. to be inhabited; Ísland bygðisk fyrst ór Noregi, Íb. ch. 1; Grænland fansk ok bygðisk af Íslandi, ch. 6; hundraði ára fyrr en Ísland bygðisk af Norðmönnum, Landn. (pref.); en áðr Ísland bygðisk, id.; þá er Ísland fansk ok bygðisk af Noregi, id. II. [Goth. bugjan, by which Ulf. renders GREEK, and once GREEK, which is elsewhere rendered by frabugjan; A. S. bycgean; Engl. buy; Hel. buggean] :-- to let out, esp. land or cottage; konungr má b. almenning hverjum sem hann vill, Gþl. 453; ef umboðsmaðr konungs byggir jarðar (acc.) konungs ... því at svá skal konungs jarðir b. sem um aðrar jarðir skill í lögum, 336; nú byggir maðr dýrra (lets out at a higher rent) en vandi hefir á verit, 337; Ingimundr bygði þeim Hrolleifi bæinn í Ási, Fs. 34; er þeir bygðu lönd sín eðr tóku sér hjú, Grág. i. 445; hann tók mikit af landnámi Una, ok bygði þat (parcelled it out) frændum sínum, Landn. 244; byggja e-m út, to expel a tenant; b. e-m inn, to settle a tenant on one's estate. 2. more properly, to lend money at interest; þat er ok ef menn b. dautt fé, eðr krefja framar af þeim hlutum er menn ljá, en innstæða, K. Á. 204; engi skal b. dautt fé á leigu, Bs. i. 684; um okr, er menn b. dautt fé, H. E. i. 459; Rútr ... bygði allt féit, R. put all the money out at interest, Nj. 11. 3. the peculiar eccl. law phrase of the forbidden degrees; b. sifjar, frændsemi, to marry into such or such degree; this phrase may refer to buying (cp. brúðkaup), or to cohabitation; þat er nýmæli, at jafn-náit skal b. sifjar ok frændsemi at fimta manni hvárt, i.e. intermarriage in the fifth degree is allowed, according to the decision of the council of Lateran, A.D. 1215, Grág. i. 304; frændsemi er eigi byggjandi, i.e. is forbidden, 307, 308, 321, N. G. L. i. 350; en þat var bannat með Ásum at b. svá náit at frændsemi, Hkr. Yngl. ch. 4. III. part. as subst.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0091, entry 22
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býfur, f. pl. the feet, with a notion of awkwardness; retta býfur, to stretch the legs out in an awkward manner; þar lá Kolfinnr son hennar, ok rétti býfur hölzti langar, Ísl. ii. 416: the passage Od. ix. 298 -- GREEK -- Egilsson in his rhymed translation renders graphically, ok meðal búfjár býfur rétti.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0091, entry 29
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býta, tt, [bútr], to deal out, give, with dat. of the thing; býtti Hrafn silfrinu, Fas. iii. 256: esp. býta út, or út býta, to give alms, Hebr. xiii. 16, Gal. vi. 6. . to exchange, Dan. bytte; býttum við jörðum okkar, Dipl. i. 12, H. E. i. 561.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0091, entry 31
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BÆÐI, [v. báðir, where in p. 54, col. 2, 1. 7, the words 'rarely Norse' should be struck out], used adverbially, both, Scot. ' baithh, 'with conjunctions connecting two parts of a sentence: a. bæði, ... ok, both ... and; bæði vitr ok framgjarn, both wise and bold, Nj. 6; b. blár ok digr, Fms. vii. 162; vitandi bœði gott ok illt, knowing both good and evil, Stj. 145. Gen. iii. 5; b. fyrir sína hönd ok annarra, Bs. i. 129; b. at viti ok at öðru, 127; b. at lærdómi, vitrleik, ok atgörvi, in learning, wisdom, and accom- plishments, 130 (where the subdivision after bæði is triple); b. lönd ok kvikfé, Ísl. ii. 61; mun nú vera rofit bæði búlkinn ok annat, Fms. vi. 381; bæði var at hann kunni betr en flestir menn aðrir, ok hafði betri færi á ..., Bs. i. 129; sometimes in inverse order, ok ... bæði; hér og á himnum bæði, Pass. 24. 7; fagrt ok fátítt b., Hom. 117; undruðu ok hörmuðu b., 120. . bæði... enda, where the latter part of the sen- tence, beginning with 'enda,' is of a somewhat disjunctive character, and can scarcely be literally rendered into English; it may denote irony or displeasure or the like, e. g. það er b. hann er vitr, enda veit hann af því, i.e. he is clever, no doubt, and knows it; b. er nú, jarl, at ek á yðr margan sóma at launa, enda vili þér nú hafa mik í hina mestu hættu, it is true enough, my lord, that I have received many good things from you, but now you put me in the greatest danger, i. e. you seem to intend to make me pay for it, Fb. i. 193: or it denotes that the one part of a sentence follows as a matter of course from the other, or gives the hidden reason; b. mundi vera at engi mundi þora at etja, enda mundi engi hafa hest svá góðan, i. e. no one would dare to charge him, as there would hardly be any who had so good a horse, Nj. 89.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0091, entry 46
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BÆR, bœr, or býr, gen. baejar or býjar; gen. biar also occurs, esp. in Norse MSS. of the 14th century, Fb., but is rare and unclassical; pl. -ir, gen. -ja, dat. -jum. In Icel. people say bær; in Norway bö in Swed. and Dan. (always with y) by; the root word being búa, bú: this word is very freq. in local names of towns and villages throughout the whole of Scandinavia; and wherever the Scandinavian tribes settled the name by or bö went along with them. In the map of Northern England the use of this word marks out the limits and extent of the Norse immigration, e.g. the name Kirkby or Kirby; about twenty or thirty such are found in English maps of the Northern and Midland Counties, denot- ing churches built by the Norse or Danish settlers, as Whitby, Grimsby, etc., cp. Kirkjubær in Icel. In Denmark and Sweden local names ending in -by are almost numberless. I. a town, village, this is the Norse, Swed., and Dan. notion; þeir brenna býi at köldum kolum, Fms. xi. 122; til bæjarins (of Niðarós), vii. 30; of Bergen, viii. 360, 438; Tunsberg, ix. 361; of the town residence of the earl of Orkney, Nj. 267: allit., borgir ok bæi, castles and towns, Ann. 1349, etc. etc.; baejar-biskup, a town-bishop, Fms. vii. 32; bæjar-prestr, a town- priest, D.N.; bæjar-lögmaðr, a town-justice, id.; bæjar-lýðr, bæjar-lið, bæjar-menn, town's-people, Fms. viii. 38, 160, 210, Eg. 240, Bs. i. 78; baejar-brenna, the burning of a town, Fms. x. 30; bæjar-bygð, a town-district, viii. 247; bæjar-gjald, a town-rate, N.G.L. i. 328; bæjar-sýsla, a town-office, Fms. vi. 109; bæjar-starf, id., Hkr. iii. 441; bæjar-seta, dwelling in town, Ld. 73, Ísl. ii. 392. II. a farm, landed estate, this is the Icel. notion, as that country has no towns; bær in Icel. answers to the Germ, 'hof,' Norweg. 'ból,' Dan. 'gaard,' denoting a farm, or farmyard and buildings, or both together; hence the phrase, reisa, göra, setja bæ, efna til bæjar, to build the farmstead, Eb. 10, 26, 254, Ld. 96, 98, Fs. 26, Landn. 126, 127, Eg. 131, Gísl. 8, 28, Bs. i. 26, Þorst. hv. 35; byggja bæ, Bs. i. 60; the phrase, bær heitir..., a farm is called so and so, Ísl. ii. 322, 323, 325, Ann. 1300, Hrafn. 22, Dropl. 5; the allit. phrase, búa á bæ..., Þorst. hv. 37; the passages are numberless, and 'bær' has almost become synonymous with 'house and home;' and as it specially means 'the farm-buildings,' Icel. also say innan-bæjar, in-doors; utan-bæjar, out-of-doors; í bæ, within doors; milii baejar ok stöðuls, K.Þ.K. 78; milli bæja; bæ frá bæ, from house to house; á bæ og af bæ, at home and abroad: things belonging to a bær, bæjar-dyr, the doors of the houses, the chief entrance; bæjar-hurð (janua); bæjar-veggr, the wall of the houses; bæjar-bust, the gable of the houses; bæjar-lækr, the home-spring, well; bæjar-hlað, the premises; bæjar-stétt, the pavement in the front of the houses; bæjar-leið, a furlong, a short distance as between two 'bæir;' bæjar-sund, passage between the houses; bæjar-hús, the home-stead, opp. to fjár-hús, etc., where cattle is kept, or barns and the like; fram-bær, the front part of the houses; torf-bær, timbr-bær, a 'bær' built of turf or timber: phrases denoting the 'bær' as hearth and home, hér sú Guð í bæ, God be in this house, a form of greeting, cp. Luke x. 5; bæjar-bragr, the customs or life in a house; nema börn hvað á bæ er títt (a proverb).

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0091, entry 52
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BÆTA, tt, [bót; Ulf. bôtjan = GREEK; Hel. bôtian; A. S. bêtan; O.H.G. bôzau; Germ. büssen] :-- to better, improve, amend, also t o restore, repair, Nj. 163, Gþl. 411; b. aptr, to restore, Grág. ii. 336; b. upp, to restore, atone for, Fms. ix. 43; b. at e-u, to repair, 367; bæta ráð sitt, to better one's condition, to marry, Nj. 2: theol. to better one's life: Guð bætti honum af þessi sótt, God restored him to health, Fms. ix. 391; with gen. of the sickness, O.H.L. 84. . to mend, put a patch on a garment. 2. reflex., e-m bætisk, one gets better, is restored to health; at föður hans bættisk helstríð, Landn. 146: absol., bættisk honum þegar, he got better at once, Bs. i. 318, 319, 325: with gen., baettisk Búa augna-verkjarins, Ísl. ii. 428 (rare); cp. heilsu-bót, recovery of health. II. a law term, to pay weregild, the person slain in acc., the money in dat.; Hrafnkell bætti engan mann fé, i.e. H. paid no weregild whomsoever he slew, Hrafn. 4; ek vil engan mann fé b., 9; Styrr vá mörg víg, en bætti engin (viz. víg), S. slew many men, but paid for none, Eb. 54; bæta þá menn alla er þar létusk eðr fyrir sárum urðu, 98; b. sakir (acc.) fé (dat.), Grág. ii. 169: the allit. law term, b. baugum, to pay weregild, 174: the amount of money in acc. to pay out, bæt heldr fé þat er þú ert sakaðr við hann, Fms. iii. 22; ok á hann eigi þat at b., he has not to pay that, Grág. ii. 168; b. öfandar bót, Gþl. 358: part. bættr, Eb. 98, 246. 2. metaph. to redress, adjust; b. við e-n, or b. yfir við e-n, to give one redress, make good a wrong inflicted; hefir þú yfir bætt við mik um þetta bráðræði, Fms. ii. 25, xi. 434: also used in a religious sense, skaltu b. við Guð, er þú hefir svá mjök gengit af trú þinni, ii. 213 (yfír-bót, repentance); b. sál, or b. fyrir sál sinni, to do for the health of the soul, iv. 63, Fb. i. 345 Bs. i. 642 (in a verse); b. um e-t, to make a thing better (um-bot, bettering, improvement), Orkn. 442: reflex., ekki bætisk um, matters grow worse, Fms. ii. 53; b. við, to add to (við-bót, addition), Húv. 45. 3. part. pass, used as adj. in compar.; ok er eigi at bættra, þótt ..., things are no better, though ..., Fms. vii. 36; þykir mér Ólafr ekki at bættari, þótt..., i.e. it is no redress for Olave's death, though ..., Fas. ii. 410; er mér ekki sour minn at bættari þótt Bolli sé drepinn, my son's death is none the more atoned for though B. is slain, Ld. 226. 4. part. act. as noun; bætandi, pl. -endr, a law term, one who has to pay weregild, Grág. ii. 174, etc.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0093, entry 6
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C. CHANGES: I. assimilation: 1. ðd change into dd, as in the feminines breidd, vídd, sídd, from breiðr, víðr, síðr; pret. beiddi, leiddi, ræddi, hæddi, hlýddi, etc., from beiða, ræða, hlýða, etc. 2. ðt into tt, adj. neut., gott, ótt, brátt, leitt, from góðr, óðr, bráðr, leiðr. 3. the Goth, zd, Germ, and Engl. rd into dd in words such as rödd = Goth. razda; oddr = Germ, ort; hodd = Engl. hoard, Goth. huzd; gaddr = Goth. gazds, etc. Those words, however, are few in number. II. the initial þ of a pronoun, if suffixed to the verb, changes into ð or d, and even t, e.g. far-ðu, gör-ðu, sjá-ðu, fá-ðu, bú-ðu, = far þú (imperat.), etc.; kalla-ðu, tala-ðu, = kalla þú, tala þú; or kon-du, leid-du, bíd-du, sýn-du, sen-du, = kom þú, leið þú, etc.; or t, hal-tu, vil-tu, skal-tu, ben-tu, hljót-tu, = hald þú, vilt þú, skalt þú, bend þú, hljót þu; and even so the plur. or dual -- komi-ðið, haldi-ðið, ætli-ðið, vilið-ið, göri-ðér, gangi-ðér, = komi þið ... gangi þér; or following conjunctions, efað-ðú = ef að þú, síðan-ðú = síðan þú, áðren-ððí = áðr en þú. III. change of d into ð: 1. d, whether radical or inflexive, is spelt and pronounced ð after a vowel and an r or f, g, e.g. blóð, þjóð, biðja, leið, nauð, hæð, brúðr, bæði, borð, orð, garðr, ferð, görð, bragð, lagði, hægð, hafði, höfðum (capitibus), etc. This is without regard to etymology, e.g. Goth, þiuda (gens) and þjuþ (bonum) are equally pronounced and spelt 'þjóð;' Goth. dauþs and dêds, Icel. dauði and dáð; Goth, guþ (deus) and gôds (bonus), Icel. guð, góðr; Goth. fadar, bruþar, Icel. faðir, bróðir, cp. Germ, vater, mutter, but bruder; Goth, vaurd and gards, Icel. orð, garðr; Engl. burden and birth, Icel. byrðr, burðr, etc. Again, in some parts of western Icel. rð, gð, and fd are pronounced as rd, gd, fd, ord, Sigurd, gerdu (fac), bragd (with a soft g, but hard d), hafdi (with a soft f and hard d); marks of this may be found in old MSS., e.g. Cod. Reg. (Kb.) of Stem. Edda. 2. an inflexive d is sounded and spelt ð: . after k, p, e.g. in pret. of verbs, steypði, gleypði, klípði, drúpði, gapði, glapði, steikði, ríkði, sekði, hrökði, hneykði, blekði, vakði, blakði, etc., from steypa, klípa, drúpa, gapa, glepja, steikja, ríkja, sekja, hrökkva, hneykja, blekkja, vekja, or vaka, etc.; and feminines, sekð, eykð, dýpð, etc. . after the liquids l, m, n in analogous cases, valði, dulði, hulði, deilði, and dæmði, sæmði, dreymði, geymði, samði, framði, and vanði, brenði, etc., from dylja, deila, dreyma, semja, venja, brenna, etc.; feminines or nouns, sæmð, fremð, vanði (use), ynði (delight), anði (breath), synð (sin): these forms are used constantly in very old MSS. (12th century, and into the 13th); but then they changed -- lð, mð, nð into ld, md, nd, and kð, pð into kt, pt, etc. . after s (only on Runic stones; even the earliest Icel. MSS. spell st), e.g. raisþi = reisti from reisa. In MSS. of the middle of that century, such as the Ó.H., Cod. Reg. of the Eddas and Grágás, the old forms are still the rule, but the modern occur now and then; the Grágás in nineteen cases out of twenty spells sekð (culpa), but at times also 'sekt;' NUM="b0094">

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0093, entry 30
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DAGR, m., irreg. dat. degi, pl. dagar: [the kindred word dœgr with a vowel change from ó (dóg) indicates a lost root verb analogous to ala, ól, cp. dalr and dælir; this word is common to all Teutonic dialects; Goth. dags; A.S. dag; Engl. day; Swed.-Dan. dag; Germ, tag; the Lat. dies seems to be identical, although no interchange has taken place] :-- a day; in different senses: 1. the natural day :-- sayings referring to the day, at kveldi skal dag leyfa, at eventide shall the day be praised, Hm. 80 ; allir dagar eiga kveld um síðir; mörg eru dags augu, vide auga; enginn dagr til enda tryggr, no day can be trusted till its end; allr dagr til stefnu, Grág. i. 395, 443, is a law phrase, -- for summoning was lawful only if performed during the day; this phrase is also used metaph. = 'plenty of time' or the like: popular phrases as to the daylight are many -- dagr rennr, or rennr upp, and kemr upp, the day rises, Bm. 1; dagr í austri, day in the east, where the daylight first appears; dagsbrún, 'day's brow,' is the first streak of daylight, the metaphor taken from the human face; lysir af degi, it brightens from the day, i.e. daylight is appearing; dagr ljómar, the day gleams; fyrir dag, before day; móti degi, undir dag, about daybreak; komið at degi, id., Fms. viii. 398; dagr á lopti, day in the sky; árla, snemma dags, early in the morning, Pass. 15. 17; dagr um allt lopt, etc.; albjartr dagr, hábjartr d., full day, broad daylight; hæstr dagr, high day; önd-verðr d., the early day = forenoon, Am. 50; miðr dagr, midday, Grág. i. 413, 446, Sks. 217, 219; áliðinn dagr, late in the day, Fas. i. 313; hallandi dagr, declining day; at kveldi dags, síð dags, late in the day, Fms. i. 69. In the evening the day is said to set, hence dag-sett, dag-setr, and dagr setzt; in tales, ghosts and spirits come out with nightfall, but dare not face the day; singing merry songs after nightfall is not safe, það kallast ekki Kristnum leyft að kveða þegar dagsett er, a ditty; Syrpuvers er mestr galdr er í fólginn, ok eigi er lofat at kveða eptir dagsetr, Fas. iii. 206, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 7, 8: the daylight is symbolical of what is true or clear as day, hence the word dagsanna, or satt sem dagr, q.v. 2. of different days; í dag, to-day, Grág. i. 16, 18, Nj. 36, Ld. 76, Fms. vi. 151; í gær-dag, yesterday; í fyrra dag, the day before yesterday, Háv. 50; í hinni-fyrra dag, the third day; annars dags, Vígl. 23, Pass. 50. I; hindra dags, the hinder day, the day after to-mor- row, Hm. 109; dag eptir dag, day after day, Hkr. ii. 313; dag frá degi, from day to day, Fms. ii. 230; hvern dag frá öðrum, id., Fms. viii. 182; annan dag frá öðrum. id., Eg. 277; um daginn, during the day; á dögunum. the other day; nótt ok dag, night and day; liðlangan dag, the 'life-long' day; dögunum optar, more times than there are days, i.e. over and over again, Fms. x. 433; á deyjanda degi, on one's day of death, Grág. i. 402. . regu-dagr, a rainy day: sólskins-dagr, a sunny day; sumar- dagr, a summer day; vetrar-dagr, a winter day; hátíðis-dagr, a feast day; fegins-dagr, a day of joy; dóms-dagr, the day of doom, judgment day, Gl. 82, Fms. viii. 98; hamingju-dagr, heilla-dagr, a day of happiness; gleði- dagr, id.; brúðkaups-dagr, bridal-day; burðar-dagr, a birthday. 3. in pl. days in the sense of times; aðrir dagar, Fms. i. 216; ek ætlaða ekki at þessir dagar mundu verða, sem nú eru orðnir, Nj. 171; góðir dagar, happy days, Fms. xi. 286, 270; sjá aldrei glaðan dag (sing.), never to see glad days. . á e-s dögum, um e-s daga eptir e-s daga, esp. of the lifetime or reign of kings, Fms.; but in Icel. also used of the lög- sögumaðr, Jb. repeatedly; vera á dögum, to be alive; eptir minn dag, 'after my day,' i.e. when I am dead. . calendar days, e.g. Hvita- dagar, the White days, i.e. Whitsuntide; Hunda-dagar, the Dog days; Banda-dagr, Vincula Petri; Höfuð-dagr, Decap. Johannis; Geisla-dagr, Epiphany; Imbru-dagar, Ember days; Gang-dagar, 'Ganging days,' Ro- gation days; Dýri-dagr, Corpus Christi; etc. 4. of the week- days; the old names being Sunnu-d. or Drottins-d., Mána-d., Týs-d., Öðins-d., Þórs-d., Frjá-d., Laugar-d. or Þvátt-d. It is hard to understand how the Icel. should be the one Teut. people that have disused the old names of the week-days; but so it was, vide Jóns S. ch. 24; fyrir bauð hann at eigna daga vitrum mönnum heiðnum, svá sem at kalla Týrsdag

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0096, entry 1
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once.

of-dan, það er mér ofdan, 'tis too great a honour for me; else the word is quite out of use.

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