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<HEADER>142 BYSMERUNG -- G&AElig;EDMON.</HEADER>

<B>bysmerung</B> <I>blasphemy;</I> blasphemia, Mk. Bos. 3, 28. v. bysmrung. bysmor <I>filthiness, reproach, calumny,</I> &AElig;lfc. T. 15, 21: Ps. Th. 8, 3: Deut. 28, 29. v. bismer.

<B>bysmor-full;</B> <I>adj.</I> [bismer, bysmor <I>pollution, abomination, disgrace;</I> full <I>full</I>] <I>Polluted, abominable, disgraceful;</I> pollutus, detestabilis, turpis :-- &ETH;&aelig;t h&iacute;g b&uacute;gan ne sceoldon to &eth;am bysmorfullum h&aelig-acute;&eth;engilde <I>that they should not bow to the abominable heathen idol,</I> Jos. 23, 7.

<B>bysmorian</B> <I>to mock,</I> Gen. 39, 14. v. bysrnerian.

<B>bysmor-l&iacute;ce</B> <I>disgracefully, irreverently,</I> L. &AElig;lf. C. 35; Th. ii. 356, note 2, line 20. v. bismor-l&iacute;ce.

<B>bysmor-spr&aelig;c,</B> bysmur-spr&aelig;c, bysmer-sp&aelig;c, e; <I>f.</I> [bismer, bysmer <I>blasphemy;</I> spr&aelig;c, sp&aelig;c <I>a speaking, word, speech</I>] <I>A speaking blasphemy, blasphemy;</I> blasphemia :-- &ETH;es spryc&thorn; bysmorspr&aelig;ce <I>this</I> [<I>man</I>] <I>speaketh blasphemy;</I> hic blasphernat, Mt. Bos. 9, 3. &AElig;lc synn and bysmur-spr&aelig;c by&thorn; forgyfen mannum, s&oacute;&thorn;l&iacute;ce &eth;&aelig;s H&aacute;lgan G&aacute;stes bysmurspr&aelig;c ne by&thorn; forgyfen <I>omne peccatum et blasphemia remittetur hominibus, Spiritus Sancti autem blasphemia non remittetur,</I> 12, 31. &ETH;is ys bysmorspr&aelig;c <I>this is blasphemy,</I> 26, 65. For &eth;&iacute;nre bysrnersp&aelig;ce <I>on account of thy blasphemy,</I> Jn. Bos. 10, 33.

<B>bysmrian;</B> <I>p.</I> ode; <I>pp.</I> od <I>To deride, irritate, reproach, defame, revile,</I> Gen. 39, 17: Ps. Spl. 58, 9: Ps. Th. 105, 14: Lev. 19, 13: Andr. Kmbl. 1923; An. 964. v. bysmerian.

<B>bysmrigan</B> <I>to mock, revile,</I> Mt. Bos. 20, 19: Andr. Kmbl. 2713; An. 1359. v. bysmerian.

<B>bysmrung,</B> bysmerung, e; <I>f.</I> [bismer, bysmer <I>infamy, blasphemy</I>] <I>Deceit, infamy, blasphemy;</I> illusio, infamia, blasphemia :-- &ETH;e&oacute;s bysmrung nis to ondr&aelig-acute;danne <I>h&aelig;c illusio non est timenda,</I> Bd. 1, 27; S. 496, 39, 41: 497, 6. Is on &eth;&aelig;re ylcan bysmrunge sw&yacute;de n&yacute;d&thorn;earfl&iacute;c gesce&aacute;d <I>est in eadem illusione valde necessaria discretio,</I> 1, 27; S. 496, 34, 21. Hi&oacute; hyre firenluste fulg&aacute;n ne m&oacute;ste b&uacute;tan manna bysmrunge <I>she could not fulfil her wicked desire without the infamy of mankind,</I> Ors. 1, 2; Bos. 27, 14. Ealle sinna synd manna bearnum forgyfene, and bysmerunga, &eth;&aacute;m &eth;e h&iacute; bysmeria&thorn; <I>omnia dimittentur filiis hominum peccata, et blasphemi&aelig;, quibus blasphemaverint,</I> Mk. Bos. 3, 28.

<B>bysmur-spr&aelig;c</B> <I>blasphemy,</I> Mt. Bos. 12, 31. v. bysmor-spr&aelig;c.

<B>b&yacute;anian,</B> b&iacute;snian, b&yacute;snigan, b&yacute;senian; <I>p.</I> ode; <I>pp.</I> od [b&yacute;sen, b&yacute;sn <I>an example</I>] <I>To give</I> or <I>set an example;</I> exemplum dare :-- We l&aelig-acute;ra&thorn;, &eth;&aelig;t pre&oacute;stas aa wel b&yacute;snian <I>we enjoin that priests always set a good example,</I> L. Edg. C. 52; Th. ii. 254, 28. Gif &eth;a l&aacute;re&oacute;was wel t&aelig-acute;ca&thorn;, and wel b&yacute;snia&thorn;, be&oacute;&thorn; h&iacute; gehealdene <I>if the teachers teach well, and give good example, they shall be saved,</I> Homl. Th. ii. 50, 3. Ne b&iacute;snode &eth;&eacute; n&aacute;n man, for&eth;am&eth;e n&aacute;n &aelig-acute;r &eth;&eacute; n&aelig;s <I>no man set thee an example, for no one was before thee,</I> Bt. 33, 4; Fox 128, 20. &ETH;a b&iacute;snodon hiora &aelig;fter-gengum <I>they set an example to their successors,</I> 39, 11; Fox 230, 2. Gif he yfel b&yacute;snige <I>if he give evil example,</I> Homl. Th. ii. 48, 35: L. Edg. C. 66; Th. ii. 258, 17. DER. ge-b&yacute;snian, mis-.

<B>b&yacute;snigan</B> <I>to give</I> or <I>set on example,</I> Homl. Th. ii. 48, 35: L. Edg. C. 66; Th. ii. 258, 17. v. b&yacute;snian.

<B>b&yacute;snung,</B> b&iacute;snung, b&yacute;senung, e; <I>f.</I> [b&yacute;sen, b&yacute;sn <I>an example</I>] <I>An example;</I> exemplum :-- For &eth;&aelig;re miclan b&iacute;snunge <I>for the great example,</I> &AElig;lfc. T. 5, 15. DER. ge-b&yacute;snung.

<B>byst</B> <I>art, shalt be,</I> Lk. Bos. l, 76: &AElig;lfc. Gr. 25; Som. 26, 12. v. be&oacute;n.

<B>b&yacute;st</B> <I>biestings,</I> &AElig;lfc. Gl. 31; Som. 61, 102. v. be&oacute;st

<B>b&yacute;st</B> <I>commandest, offierest; 2nd pers. pres. of</I> be&oacute;dan.

<B>b&yacute;sting,</B> es; <I>m.</I> BIESTINGS, <I>the first milk of a cow after calving;</I> colostrum :-- B&yacute;sting, &thorn;icce meolc <I>biestings, thick milk,</I> &AElig;lfc. Gl. 33; Som. 62, 20; Wrt. Voc. 28, 3. v. be&oacute;st.

<B>BYT,</B> bytt, e; <I>f: pl.</I> bytta <I>A bottle, flagon,</I> BUTT, <I>tun;</I> uter, dolium :-- Byt <I>uter,</I> Wrt. Voc. 85, 82. Bytt <I>uter,</I> &AElig;lfc. Gr. 9, 18; Som. 9, 58. Ne h&iacute;g ne d&oacute;&thorn; niwe w&iacute;n on ealde bytta; gyf h&iacute; d&oacute;&thorn;, &eth;a bytta be&oacute;&thorn; tobrocene, and &eth;&aelig;t w&iacute;n agoten, and &eth;a bytta forwur&eth;a&thorn;. Ac h&iacute;g d&oacute;&thorn; niwe w&iacute;n on niwe bytta, and &aelig-acute;g&eth;er by&thorn; gehealden <I>neque mittunt vinum novum in utres veteres; alioquin rumpuntur utres, et vinum effunditur, et utres pereunt. Sed vinum novum in utres novas mittunt, et ambo conservantur,</I> Mt. Bos. 9, 17: Jos. 9, 4: Ps. Lamb. 32, 7. [<I>Ger.</I> butte, biitte, <I>f: M. H. Ger.</I> b&uuml;te, b&uuml;tte, <I>f; Dan.</I> b&ouml;tte, <I>m. f: Swed,</I> bytta, <I>f: Icel.</I> bytta, <I>f.</I>]

<B>byt</B> <I>asks, prays,</I> Lk. Bos. 11, 11: Ex. 5, 16, = bit; <I>3rd pers. pres. of</I> biddan.

<B>b&yacute;t</B> <I>commands, bid's, offers,</I> Ex. 5, 10; <I>3rd pers. pres. of</I> be&oacute;dan.

<B>by&thorn;</B> <I>is, shall be,</I> Mt. Bos. 5, 14. v. be&oacute;n.

<B>b&yacute;&thorn;</B> <I>inhabits; 3rd pers. pres. sing, of</I> b&uacute;an.

<B>by&THORN;ne</B> <I>a keel.</I> v. bytne.

<B>b&yacute;tl,</B> b&iacute;tl, es; <I>n. m?</I> [b&yacute;t, <I>pres. of</I> be&aacute;tan <I>to beat, strike</I>] <I>A</I> BEETLE, <I>hammer;</I> malleus :-- Se&oacute; w&iacute;fman &aacute;n &eth;&aelig;ra teldsticcena gesl&oacute;h mid &aacute;num <B>b&yacute;tle</B> b&uacute;fan his &thorn;unwengan <I>the woman struck one of the tent-nails with a hammer above his temples,</I> Jud. 4, 21. N&aacute;n mon ne gehi&eacute;rde b&iacute;tles sw&eacute;g <I>no man heard the sound of hammer,</I> Past. 36, 5; Cott. MS. [<I>Plat,</I> b&ouml;tel.]

<B>b&yacute;tla,</B> an; <I>m.</I> [b&yacute;tl <I>a hammer, -a UNCERTAIN q. v.</I>] <I>A hammerer, builder;</I> &aelig;dificator :-- Se b&yacute;tla &eth;&aelig-acute;r h&aacute;ligne h&aacute;m ar&aelig-acute;rde <I>the builder raised up a holy home there,</I> Exon. 34b; Th. 110, 36; G&uacute;. 119.

<B>b&yacute;tlian;</B> <I>p.</I> ode, ede; <I>pp.</I> od, ed [b&yacute;tla <I>a builder</I>] <I>To build;</I> &aelig;dificare :-- H&iacute; ongunnon b&yacute;tlian heora burh <I>they began to build their town,</I> Cd. 90; Th. 112, 33; Gen. 1880: 99; Th. 131, 15; Gen. 2176. He ne b&yacute;tla&thorn; of &eth;am gr&uacute;ndwealle <I>he builds not from that foundation,</I> Homl. Th. i. 368, 25. B&yacute;tlode <I>&aelig;dificavit,</I> R. Ben. in pro&oelig;m. H&iacute; worhton &eth;&aelig;t geweorc &aelig;t T&aelig;meseforda, and hit b&uacute;don, and b&yacute;tledon <I>they wrought the work at Tempsford, and inhabited it, and built,</I> Chr. 921; Erl. 106, 18. DER. ge-b&yacute;tlian.

<B>b&yacute;tlung,</B> e; <I>f.</I> [b&yacute;tl, ung] <I>A building, edifice;</I> structura, &aelig;dificium :-- Se&oacute; b&yacute;tlung is ofer Criste gelogod <I>the building is founded on Christ,</I> Homl. Th. i. 368, 22.

<B>bytne</B> <I>the keel</I> or <I>bottom of a ship;</I> carina, Cot. 32.

<B>b&yacute;tst</B> <I>commandest, offerest; 2nd pers. pres. of</I> be&oacute;dan.

<B>b&yacute;tt</B> <I>ordains,</I> Homl. Th. i. 358, 31, = b&yacute;t, <I>q. v.</I>

<B>bytta</B> <I>bottles,</I> Mt. Bos. 9, 17; <I>pl. of</I> byt.

<B>bytte-hlid,</B> es; <I>n. A lid of a butt;</I> dolii opertorium, Cot. 208: Mann.

<B>bytt-fylling,</B> e; <I>f. A filling of butts;</I> doliorum impletio, L. Ath. v. &sect; 8, l; Th. i. 236, 4.

<B>b&yacute;wan;</B> <I>p.</I> de; <I>pp.</I> ed <I>To prepare, adorn;</I> parare, ornare :-- &ETH;a &eth;e beadogr&iacute;mman b&yacute;wan sceoldon <I>those who should prepare the war-helmet,</I> Beo. Th. 4507, note; B. 2257. [<I>O. Nrs.</I> b&uacute;a <I>parare.</I>] DER. a-b&yacute;wan.

<letterheader>C</letterheader>

In Gothic and Icelandic <B>C</B> is entirely wanting, being always represented by <I>k.</I> It is remarkable that the Anglo-Saxons have seldom made use of <I>k;</I> but, following the Latin, have preferred the use of <I>c.</I> <B>1.</B> the letter <I>c</I> is found as an initial, medial, and final. -- As an initial letter it corresponds to the Gothic amd Icelandic <I>k;</I> as, -- <I>A. Sax.</I> corn <I>corn, Goth.</I> karn, <I>Icel.</I> korn; <I>A; Sax.</I> ce&oacute;san <I>to choose, Goth.</I> kiusan, <I>Icel.</I> kj&oacute;sa. As a medial and final letter <I>c</I> corresponds to the Gothic and Icelandic <I>k</I>, -- thus <I>A. Sax.</I> &aelig;cer <I>a field, Goth.</I> akrs, <I>Icel.</I> akr; <I>A. Sax.</I> e&aacute;c <I>also, Goth.</I> auk, <I>Icel.</I> ok [og]. <B>2.</B> <I>c</I> and <I>cc</I> are often changed into <I>h</I> or <I>hh</I> before <I>s</I> or &thorn;, and especially before t; as, strehton <I>they stretched,</I> for strecton <I>from</I> streccan. Ahsian <I>for</I> acsian <I>or</I> axian <I>to ask;</I> s&eacute;h&thorn; <I>for</I> s&eacute;c&thorn; <I>seeks, from</I> s&eacute;can <I>to seek.</I> In words immediately derived from Anglo-Saxon, <I>k</I> is frequently substituted for the Anglo-Saxon <I>c ;</I> as, cyning <I>a king;</I> cyn <I>kin</I> or <I>kindred.</I> Sometimes <I>q</I> or <I>ch;</I> as, cw&eacute;n <I>queen;</I> cild <I>a child;</I> cin <I>a chin.</I> <B>3.</B> the Runic letter RUNE not only stands for the letter c, but also for the name of the letter in Anglo-Saxon c&eacute;n <I>a torch,</I> v. c&eacute;n and R&Uacute;N.

<B>cac,</B> es; <I>m? Dung, excrement;</I> stercus, foria, merda, Som. Ben. Lye. [<I>Plat,</I> kak, kakk: <I>Dut.</I> kak, <I>m: Kil.</I> kack: <I>Ger.</I> kack, <I>m: Dan.</I> kag, <I>m. f: Grk.</I> GREEK : <I>Lat.</I> cacare: <I>Grk.</I> GREEK .]

<B>cac-h&uacute;s,</B> es; <I>n. A privy;</I> latrina, Som. Ben. Lye. [<I>Kil.</I> kack-huys.]

<B>c&aelig;d,</B> ced, es; <I>m. A boat;</I> linter, Mone B. 120, Ettm.

<B>c&aelig;der-be&aacute;m,</B> es; <I>m. A cedar-tree;</I> cedrus :-- H&eacute;ria&thorn; Drihten, muntas and ealle beorgas, tre&oacute;wu w&aelig;stmb&aelig-acute;ru, and ealle c&aelig;der-be&aacute;m <I>laudate Dominum, montes et omnes colles, ligna fructifera, el omnes cedri,</I> Ps. Spl. 148, 9. v. ceder-be&aacute;m.

C&aelig;dmon, es; <I>m.</I> [C&aelig;drnon, MS. C. C. C. Oxford: C&aelig;drnon, Bd. 4, 24; S. 170, 50; Cedmon, S. 597, 12: Ceadmon, MS. B. S. 597, note 12: Cadmon, Runic Monmnts. by Prof. Stephens, fol. Cheapinghaven, 1868, p. 419, 11: c&aelig;d <I>linter,</I> mon <I>homo</I>] A man employed by the monks of Whitby in the care of their cattle in the early part of the seventh century. He is the first person of whom we possess any metrical composition in our vernacular language. So striking and similar are some of his thoughts to Paradise Lost, it has been supposed that Milton had read his Poems. He became a monk of Whitby, and died in the monastery about A. D. 680. A full account is given of him in Bede's History, bk. iv. ch. 24. The origin of his Poem is thus recorded in king Alfred's Anglo-Saxon version of Bede :-- &ETH;&aacute; st&oacute;d him sum mon &aelig;t &thorn;urh swefen, and hine h&aacute;lette and gr&eacute;tte, and hine be his naman nemde, C&aelig;dmon [Cedmon, Bd. 4, 24; S. 597, 12], sing me hw&aelig;t-hwegn. &ETH;&aacute; andswarede he and cw&aelig;&thorn;, ne con ic n&aacute;n &thorn;ing singan . . . Eft he cw&aelig;&thorn;, se &eth;e mid him sprecende w&aelig;s, hw&aelig;&eth;ere &eth;&uacute; meaht me singan. Cw&aelig;&thorn; he, hw&aelig;t sceal ic singan? Cw&aelig;&thorn; he, sing me frumsceaft. &ETH;&aacute; he &eth;&aacute; &eth;&aacute;s andsware onf&eacute;ng; &eth;&aacute; ongan he s&oacute;na singan, in h&eacute;renesse Godes scyppendes, &eth;a fers and &eth;a word &eth;e he n&aelig-acute;fre ne geh&yacute;rde . . . &ETH;&aacute; ar&aacute;s he from &eth;am sl&aelig-acute;pe and eall &eth;&aelig;t he sl&aelig-acute;pende song f&aelig;ste on gemynde h&aelig;fde . . . Song he &aelig-acute;rest be middangeardes gesceape, and be fruman moncynnes, and eall &eth;&aelig;t st&aelig-acute;r Genesis, and eft be &uacute;tgonge Israh&eacute;la folces of &AElig;gypta lande, and be ingonge &eth;&aelig;s geh&aacute;t-londes, UNCERTAIN and be &oacute;&eth;rum monigum spellum &eth;&aelig;s h&aacute;lgan gewrites Canones b&oacute;c; and be Cristes menniscnesse, and be his &thorn;r&oacute;wunge, and be his uppast&iacute;gnesse on heofonas; and big &eth;&aelig;s h&aacute;lgan G&aacute;stes cyme, and &eth;&aelig;ra Apostola l&aacute;re; and eft big &eth;am ege &eth;&aelig;s toweardan d&oacute;mes, and be fyrhto &eth;&aelig;s tintregl&iacute;can w&iacute;tes, and be sw&eacute;tnesse &eth;&aelig;s heofonl&iacute;can r&iacute;ces: he monig